Abstract
The understanding of the intrinsic and extrinsic causes of longevity variation has deservedly received much attention in evolutionary ecologist. Here we tested the association between longevity and spawning-site groups across 38 species of Chinese anurans. As indicators of group-spawning we used spawning-site group size and spawning-site density, which we measured at 152 spawning sites in the field. We found that both spawning-site density and group size were positively associated with longevity. Male group-spawning (e.g., male spawning-site density and male spawning-site group size) was also positively correlated with longevity. A phylogenetic path analysis further revealed that longevity seems directly associated with spawning-site density and group size, and that the association in part depend on the ‘groups-spawning-age at first reproduction’ association. Our findings suggest that the increased group-spawning are likely to benefit in declining extrinsic mortality rates and living longer through improving total anti-predator behaviour under predation pressure.
Highlights
The understanding of the intrinsic and extrinsic causes of longevity variation has deservedly received much attention in evolutionary ecologist
phylogenetic generalized least-squares (PGLS) revealed that longevity was positively correlated with age at first reproduction and SVL (P < 0.001 and P = 0.022, respectively), and tended to be positively correlated with altitude and latitude, respectively (P = 0.093 and P = 0.057; Table S2)
Longevity sample size did not affect this relationship between spawning-site density and longevity (β = −0.002, t = −0.233, P = 0.818, λ < 0.0011,
Summary
The understanding of the intrinsic and extrinsic causes of longevity variation has deservedly received much attention in evolutionary ecologist. Our findings suggest that the increased group-spawning are likely to benefit in declining extrinsic mortality rates and living longer through improving total anti-predator behaviour under predation pressure Longevity varies greatly both within and among species and populations in animals[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9] and understanding the proximate and ultimate causes of this variation has deservedly received much attention in evolutionary biologists[10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18]. Predictors Spawning-site density SVL Altitude Latitude Age at sexual maturity Spawning-site group size SVL Altitude Latitude Age at sexual maturity
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