Frightening maternal behavior over the first 2 years of life: effects on children’s behavior problems in middle childhood

Abstract

ABSTRACT Frightening maternal behavior is linked to infant disorganization, which predicts child behavioral problems. We examined continuity in frightening maternal behavior across the first 2 years by developing a new measure of anomalous/frightening (AN/FR) behavior that incorporates changes in parent–child interactions as children acquire symbolic representation. Maternal AN/FR behavior in toddlerhood also was examined in relation to later internalizing and externalizing symptoms. First-time mothers (N = 125) completed the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) prenatally, and mother–child dyads were observed interacting at 8 months, in Strange Situations at 12–15 months, and playing at 24 months. Teachers rated children’s behavior problems at 7 years. Mothers classified as Unresolved on the AAI displayed more Frightening (FR) behavior at 8 months. Mothers’ FR behavior predicted both attachment disorganization at 12–15 months and maternal AN/FR behavior at 24 months, which then predicted children’s internalizing symptoms at age 7. Infant disorganization was indirectly related to internalizing symptoms, mediated by maternal AN/FR behavior.