Abstract
Autophagy is a primary protective process that involves removing damaged organelles or dysfunctional proteins in eukaryotes. The autophagy pathway not only maintains cellular homeostasis, but also modulates the host's cellular response to pathogen infection. Several studies proved that autophagy plays a dominant role in plant fitness and immunity. As intracellular parasites, the replication and spread of viruses entirely rely upon the molecular machinery of the host cell, including the autophagy process. Plant viruses severely affect crop yields and quality. During infection, complex interactions occur between viral proteins and host factors in relation to plant defense and virus counter-defense. An increasing number of studies demonstrated that plants use autophagy to eliminate and inhibit viruses; some viruses were shown to manipulate the process of autophagy to promote their own replication and survival in plant cells. In this review, we summarize recent advances in plant autophagy, with an emphasis on the role of autophagy in plant virus infection.
Highlights
Autophagy is a conserved intracellular degradation pathway through which damaged organelles, non-functional proteins, and harmful microbial invaders are delivered to vacuoles in yeast and plants or lysosomes in animals to be degraded (Liu and Bassham, 2012; Marshall and Vierstra, 2018; Shimamura et al, 2019)
We summarize the current state of autophagy in plant systems and discuss the dual roles of autophagy in the arms race between the defense and counter-defense of plants and viruses, respectively
Autophagy plays a crucial role in the interaction between pathogens and mammalian cells (Shelly et al, 2009; Münz, 2017; Wang et al, 2018)
Summary
Autophagy is a conserved intracellular degradation pathway through which damaged organelles, non-functional proteins, and harmful microbial invaders are delivered to vacuoles in yeast and plants or lysosomes in animals to be degraded (Liu and Bassham, 2012; Marshall and Vierstra, 2018; Shimamura et al, 2019). Autophagy is a major homoeostatic process through which cytoplasmic components are delivered to vacuoles as a regulatory pathway to coordinate the host’s response to various intracellular pathogens, including viruses (Shoji-Kawata and Levine, 2009). This pathway is a potential target for modulation by chemical agents or molecular breeding to establish resistance to viruses in crops. The soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) mediates the fusion of the autophagosome and vacuole, thereby forming an autolysosome and causing the autophagosomal content to bedegrade in the vacuole (Wang et al, 2016) (Figure 2)
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