Abstract
The Connecticut River plume interacts with the strong tidal currents of the ambient receiving waters in eastern Long Island Sound. The plume formed during ambient flood tides is studied as an example of tidal river plumes entering into energetic ambient tidal environments in estuaries or continental shelves. Conservative passive freshwater tracers within a high-resolution nested hydrodynamic model are applied to determine how source waters from different parts of the tidal cycle contribute to plume composition and interact with bounding plume fronts. The connection to source waters can be cut off only under low-discharge conditions, when tides reverse surface flow through the mouth after max ambient flood. Upstream plume extent is limited because ambient tidal currents arrest the opposing plume propagation, as the tidal internal Froude number exceeds one. The downstream extent of the tidal plume always is within 20 km from the mouth, which is less than twice the ambient tidal excursion. Freshwaters in the river during the preceding ambient ebb are the oldest found in the new flood plume. Connectivity with source waters and plume fronts exhibits a strong upstream-to-downstream asymmetry. The arrested upstream front has high connectivity, as all freshwaters exiting the mouth immediately interact with this boundary. The downstream plume front has the lowest overall connectivity, as interaction is limited to the oldest waters since younger interior waters do not overtake this front. The offshore front and inshore boundary exhibit a downstream progression from younger to older waters and decreasing overall connectivity with source waters. Plume-averaged freshwater tracer concentrations and variances both exhibit an initial growth period followed by a longer decay period for the remainder of the tidal period. The plume-averaged tracer variance is increased by mouth inputs, decreased by entrainment, and destroyed by internal mixing. Peak entrainment velocities for younger waters are higher than values for older waters, indicating stronger entrainment closer to the mouth. Entrainment and mixing time scales (1–4 h at max ambient flood) are both shorter than half a tidal period, indicating entrainment and mixing are vigorous enough to rapidly diminish tracer variance within the plume.
Highlights
Rivers deliver terrestrial freshwater, nutrients, sediments, and contaminants to the marine environment (Meybeck, 2003)
The present study focuses on the plume that forms during ambient flood tides
The downstream extent of the tidal plume always is within 20 km from the mouth, which is less than twice the ambient tidal excursion
Summary
Nutrients, sediments, and contaminants to the marine environment (Meybeck, 2003). River plumes influence the physical dynamics, biogeochemistry, ecosystems and fisheries in coastal and open-ocean waters (e.g., Dittmar and Kattner, 2003; Hickey et al, 2010; Grimes, 2001) Due to these manifold effects on the marine environment, it is critically important to continue studying and improving the understanding of river plumes. Flow within the plume can overtake the propagating plume front, thereby creating a large intake region of plume waters that interacts with the front (e.g., Garvine, 1974a; Mazzini and Chant, 2016) This connectivity with the front can extend all the way back to the river mouth, can be short-circuited by developing interior fronts, or can be limited by many other processes including tides, winds, ambient currents, and changing source conditions (e.g., McClimans, 1978; Garvine, 1984; O’Donnell, 2010; Chant, 2011; Huguenard et al, 2016; Cole et al, 2020). Identifying times and locations of strong or weak sourcefront connectivity within plumes is important for understanding coastal biogeochemical distributions
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