Abstract
The effect of air-entraining admixture (AEA) on the fresh and rheological behavior of mortars designed to be used in 3D printers was investigated. Blast furnace slag, calcined kaolin clay, polypropylene fiber, and various chemical additives were used in the mortar mixtures produced with Super White Cement (CEM I 52.5 R) and quartz sand. In addition to unit weight, air content, and compressive strength tests, in order to determine the stability of 3D printable mortar elements created by extruding layer by layer without any deformation, extrudability, buildability, and open time tests were applied. Fresh and rheological properties of 3D printable mortars were also determined. It was concluded that the addition of AEA to the mortars decreased the unit weight, viscosity, yield, and compressive strength, but increased the air content, spread diameter, initial setting time, and thixotropy of 3D printable mortar. It is recommended to develop a unique chemical admixture for 3D printable mortars, considering the active ingredients of the chemical additives that affect fresh and rheological performance of mortar such as superplasticizer, viscosity modifying, and cement hydration control.
Highlights
Since almost all of the methods are based on building an object layer upon layer, creating a product with a 3D printer was defined in ASTM F279212a [2] as Additive Manufacturing (AM)
The fresh state properties of all mixes were examined both by the conventional fresh concrete tests and by the interrelated characteristics which were necessary for proper extrusion and forming of
It is recommended to develop a unique chemical admixture for 3D printable mortars, considering the active ingredients of the chemical additives that affect the behavior of fresh mortar such as superplasticizer, viscosity modifying and cement hydration control
Summary
Rapid hardening Super White Cement (CEM I 52.5 R in accordance with EN 197-1:2011). and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) formed the binder components. High-performance viscosity modifying agent (VMA1, commercially available as MasterMatrix® SDC 100) and superplasticizer (MasterGlenium® T 803) were used in order to provide the extrudability and buildability properties of 3D printed mortar and to regulate the workability. A non-chloride chemical admixture (MasterRoc® HCA 20) was used to control the dynamics of cement hydration and the workability time of the mortar. Another viscosity modifying agent and strength enhancer (VMA2) (MasterRoc® MS 685). When used with the air-entraining admixture, a high-performance plasticizer/set retarding additive (MasterSet. R 2) was used in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendation as it improves flowability and workability of the mixture. *: See Table 2 for the types of chemical additives corresponding to the numbers
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