Frequent sauna bathing and psychosis: Interrelationship with cardiorespiratory fitness

Abstract

Frequent sauna bathing and higher cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) levels may play a role in reducing the risk of mental disorders such as psychosis, however, data on their joint contributions is scanty. We aimed to investigate the interplay between sauna bathing, CRF and psychosis risk using a population-based prospective study. Self-reported frequency of sauna bathing (FSB) and CRF measured by respiratory gas analyses were assessed at baseline in 2221 men aged 42–61 years who had no history of psychosis. Frequency of sauna bathing was categorized as low and high (≤2 and 3–7 sessions/week, respectively) and CRF as tertiles (low, medium and high). Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs were estimated. During a median follow-up of 25.2 years, 215 psychotic disorders were recorded. Comparing high vs low FSB, the multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for psychosis was 0.49 (0.32–0.74), which persisted on further adjustment for CRF 0.50 (0.33–0.75). Compared to low CRF, the multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for medium and high CRF levels were 0.65 (0.46–0.90) and 0.75 (0.52–1.07) respectively. Compared to low FSB & low CRF, the HRs (95% CIs) for low FSB & medium-high CRF, high FSB & low CRF, and high FSB & medium-high CRF were 0.62 (0.45–0.84), 0.26 (0.11–0.60), and 0.41 (0.25–0.68) respectively. Frequent sauna baths and medium-high CRF levels appear to each independently decrease psychosis risk. However, frequent sauna bathing may be related to a reduced risk of psychosis irrespective of fitness levels and might be a stronger risk indicator for psychosis than CRF.