Abstract
The positive indirect growth effects of urban vegetation (IGE-UV) are widespread in urban environments and are influenced by climatic and anthropogenic factors. However, we still have a poor understanding of whether and how heatwaves affect the IGE-UV. Here, we explore the impacts of different heatwave characteristics on the IGE-UV during different seasons in China. We find that the heatwave frequency limits the IGE-UV more strongly than the heatwave intensity. Moreover, the limiting effect is more pronounced in early autumn than in late spring and summer due to the time-lag and time-accumulation effects. Relatively high cumulative heat, low cumulative soil moisture, high cumulative vapor pressure deficit, and high solar radiation during frequent heatwaves may be influential factors limiting the IGE-UV, among which the increased solar radiation is the most important. Our results deepen the understanding of urban vegetation growth in extreme climatic contexts, and are thus important for promoting sustainable urban development.
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