Abstract
Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are commonly used for frequency support services in power systems because they have fast response times and can frequently inject and absorb active power. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) BESSs dominate the grid energy storage market now, but Vanadium redox flow (VRB) BESSs are predicted to contend in future markets for large-scale storage systems. Previously, a Li-ion BESS emulator has been developed for a grid emulation system known as the Hardware Testbed (HTB), which consists of converters controlled to emulate different power system components. In this paper, we develop a VRB BESS emulator with a VRB-specific internal battery model and a power electronics interface similar to that of the Li-ion BESS emulator. Then, we compare the effectiveness of the VRB and Li-ion technologies for primary frequency regulation and inertia emulation applications. It is concluded that these two technologies are virtually indistinguishable from the power system's perspective when conducting these services over a short period of time.
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