Abstract
Energy Storage Systems (ESS) are expected to play a significant role in regulating the frequency of future electric power systems. Increased penetration of renewable generation, and reduction in the inertia provided by large synchronous generators, are likely to increase the severity and regularity of frequency events in synchronous AC power systems. By supplying or absorbing power in response to deviations from the nominal frequency and imbalances between supply and demand, the rapid response of ESS will provide a form of stability which cannot be matched by conventional network assets. However, the increased complexity of ESS operational requirements and design specifications introduces challenges when it comes to the realisation of their full potential through existing frequency response service markets: new service markets will need to be designed to take advantage of the capabilities of ESS. This paper provides new methods to analyse and assessing the performance of ESS within existing service frameworks, using real-time network simulation and power hardware in the loop. These methods can be used to introduce improvements in existing services and potentially create new ones. Novel statistical techniques have been devised to quantify the design and operational requirements of ESS providing frequency regulation services. These new techniques are demonstrated via an illustrative service design and high-resolution frequency data from the Great Britain transmission system.
Highlights
Frequency is a crucial parameter in an AC electric power system
The maximum correlation occurred with a lag of 4 time steps, which implies a response time of 80 ms; this is significantly shorter than the response time of 1 s required by the Enhanced Frequency Response (EFR) specifications
The change in frequency was observed by the ESS in the laboratory, which dispatched power according to the EFR response curve
Summary
Frequency is a crucial parameter in an AC electric power system. Deviations from the nominal frequency are a consequence of imbalances between supply and demand; an excess of generation yields an increase in frequency, while an excess of demand results in a decrease in frequency [1]. The power mismatch is, in the first instance, balanced by changes in the kinetic energy stored within the rotating mass of large, synchronous generators. This response mitigates the effects of the imbalance, but does not correct it; that is the role of primary and secondary frequency response control of the power system. It is possible that a combination of ESS technologies, or a hybrid of ESS and a conventional or renewable generator, could provide the best compromise; various authors have adopted this approach using virtual power plant techniques [6,7,12]
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