Abstract
Due to their many advantages, renewable energy resources (RERs) are proliferating rapidly to satisfy a significant portion of the global energy demand. It is predicted that the importance of RER generation will continue to increase in the future of the energy industry. In spite of all their known benefits, the integration of RERs poses several challenges to system stability and reliability. Low inertia characteristics and the intermittent output of RERs introduces additional variation into an already variable grid frequency. System regulation capability and reliability are reduced as RERs gradually replace conventional generators. This paper reviews the challenges associated with RER integration on system frequency response and how these challenges affect system reliability. Advanced methods for mitigating challenges associated with increasing RER integration, while ensuring system security, are discussed, and the necessary mathematical background is provided in concise form. A model is developed for determining the maximum level of RER penetration based on stability constraints. Emerging methods to advance the integration of RERs are discussed.
Highlights
The International Energy Agency (IEA) has reported that global energy demand is steadily increasing with economic and technological growth [1]
As RER-based generators replace conventional generators, system frequency stability deteriorates in the form of extended and accelerated frequency deviation, which may lead to load shedding or even system collapse if sufficient regulation capability is not reserved
This paper presents some major challenges and opportunities associated with a global increase in RER penetration, and is organized with the following seven sections: Section II presents the effects of RER integration on system frequency regulation capability
Summary
The International Energy Agency (IEA) has reported that global energy demand is steadily increasing with economic and technological growth [1]. Non-renewable fossil fuels are gradually-diminishing finite resources, and have been proven to have negative impacts on the environment [2] To overcome these issues and maintain adequate power supply, the energy industry is. The advanced technologies associated with the integration of RERs, their low levelized cost of energy, supportive regulatory policy, environmental challenges, and demand for modern energy have led to an accelerated development of RERs in the power grid. To mitigate the negative impacts of RERs and advance RER integration, energy storage systems (ESS) have presented a favorable solution, ESS operating strategies must be carefully considered. This paper presents some major challenges and opportunities associated with a global increase in RER penetration, and is organized with the following seven sections: Section II presents the effects of RER integration on system frequency regulation capability.
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