Abstract
The inclusion of wind energy in a power system network is currently seeing a significant increase. However, this inclusion has resulted in degradation of the inertia response, which in turn seriously affects the stability of the power system’s frequency. This problem can be solved by using an active power reserve to stabilize the frequency within an allowable limit in the event of a sudden load increment or the loss of generators. Active power reserves can be utilized via three approaches: (1) de-loading method (pitching or over-speeding) by a variable speed wind turbine (VSWT); (2) stored energy in the capacitors of voltage source converter-high voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) transmission; and (3) coordination of frequency regulation between the offshore wind farms and the VSC-HVDC transmission. This paper reviews the solutions that can be used to overcome problems related to the frequency stability of grid- integrated offshore wind turbines. It also details the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) with full-scale back to back (B2B) converters, its corresponding control strategies, and a typical VSC-HVDC system with an associated control system. The control methods, both on the levels of a wind turbine and the VSC-HVDC system that participate in a system’s primary frequency control and emulation inertia, are discussed.
Highlights
The global energy consumption has resulted in the depletion of fossil fuel reserves and the increase in CO2 emissions [1]
This paper details the modeling of two-terminal voltage source converter (VSC)-high voltage direct current (HVDC) via multiple control strategies aiming to achieve a stable steady state of power flow from an offshore station to an AC grid
This paper detailed the dynamic models for the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) and HVDC systems
Summary
The global energy consumption has resulted in the depletion of fossil fuel reserves and the increase in CO2 emissions [1]. Wind energy represents a viable option for many countries [2] due to its ubiquity, and its viability for supporting and improving the reliability of an electrical power system. In 2014, the installed offshore wind energy output 8759 MW, representing 2% of the total installed wind power capacity in the world [3,4]. This amount is expected to increase in the near future.
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