Abstract
This paper discusses two quantitative and complementary approaches to evaluate the participation of synchronous generators and interconnection buses on local bus frequency variations during electromechanical transients. Both approaches are based on the concept of frequency divider formula recently proposed by the authors on these transactions. A thorough comparison of the two approaches is provided considering several scenarios and three networks, namely the New England 39-bus test system, the all-island 1479-bus Irish transmission system, and the ENTSO-E 21 177-bus transmission system.
Highlights
This paper presents a formal procedure to evaluate frequency participation factors (FPF) and proposes quantitative tools to define how the inertia present in the system influences frequency variations at network buses
Boundary buses that define the interconnections with external grids or buses at which the frequency is controlled by large non-synchronous generators can be used in (4), provided that accurate frequency measures are available at those buses, e.g., by means of phasor measurement unit (PMU) devices
Approach 1 (A1) is 0.604 at bus 1 highlighted in light gray in Table I, one can find 9 buses with equal or lower σDri /σDi in Table II, namely 2, 3, 4, 13, 14, 18, 26, 27, and 33
Summary
The problem of how to define the participation of generators to losses and transmission rights in transmission systems has been under intense research for more than two decades [1]– [10]. The solution of such a problem is relevant in electricity markets where the costs of the utilization of the network should be shared among all participants. To be able to evaluate such participation is relevant as the high penetration of non-synchronous, often renewable, generation leads to a drastic reduction of the inertia and frequency control of the system [11], [12] and, potentially, to a considerable impact on the variation and rate of change of the frequency [13]– [18]. This paper presents a formal procedure to evaluate frequency participation factors (FPF) and proposes quantitative tools to define how the inertia present in the system influences frequency variations at network buses
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