Frequency of Hyponatremia & Hypokalemia in Children under 5 Years with Acute Diarrhoea

Abstract

Background: Acute diarrhea poses a significant health threat to children globally, often leading to severe morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing countries. Electrolyte imbalances, including hyponatremia and hypokalemia, are common complications associated with acute diarrhea, further exacerbating the risk of adverse outcomes. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of sodium and potassium abnormalities, specifically hyponatremia and hypokalemia, in children presenting with acute diarrhea. Methodology: A prospective cohort study was conducted at the Pediatric department of a tertiary hospital from July 2022 to June 2023. A total of 130 pediatric patients aged up to 5 years, presenting with acute diarrhea, were included in the study. Clinical examinations were conducted, and demographic data, including age, gender, residence, and socioeconomic status, were recorded. Serum sodium and potassium levels were determined from venous blood samples, and hyponatremia and hypokalemia were defined as sodium levels <130 mmol/l and potassium levels <3.5 mmol/l, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 24.0. Results: The mean age of the patients was 2.38 years, with a disease duration of 3.54 days. Male patients accounted for 60% of the cohort, and urban residency was predominant (55%). Clinical symptoms included loose motion (100%), abdominal pain (70%), fever (35%), vomiting (31%), and lethargy (27%). Hyponatremia was observed in 30% of patients, while hypokalemia was present in 40% of cases. Conclusion: Sodium and potassium imbalances are prevalent among children with acute diarrhea, highlighting the need for vigilant monitoring and appropriate management strategies to prevent adverse outcomes. The high incidence of hyponatremia and hypokalemia underscores the importance of early recognition and intervention in pediatric patients presenting with acute diarrhea.