Abstract
Traditional sheep and cattle grazing in natural semiarid Mediterranean, Asian and African regions is based on night corrals, where animal secretions accumulate. Lack of management and disregard for the long-term effects of using the same sites for corrals on underground soil characters may negatively affect soil values. This locally increases the content of organic matter and nutrients such as nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus and others that are stockpiled in the corrals. As these activities are long-lasting, they affect the soil parameters, leading to nutrient leakage and contamination of the upper and sub-soil surface. This alarming situation demands a technique to reveal and estimate sub-soil contamination in corrals by using the frequency domain electromagnetic method (FDEM) for measuring soil salinity. The aim of this study is to correlate electrical conductivity measurement with the FDEM to study the influence of sheep corrals on the changes within the sub-soils of corrals in the semiarid region of the northern Negev desert. The results show that a correlation was found between the laboratory soil analysis and the electromagnetic analysis in all sites. Plugot forest site results found to be anomalous indicated sub-surface conductivity resulting from the presence of the corral, with a higher conductivity value of about 230 mS/m, while no differences were found between the soil layers outside the active corral and the corral edge. High values were found in the center of the active corral: 960 mS/m by the laboratory analysis and 200 mS/m by the FDEM. The values obtained in the abandoned corral in the laboratory were about 10 times lower than those obtained from the active corral and six times lower that those found with the FDEM. At the Beit Nir site, high values were found in the center of the active corral: 300 mS/m by the laboratory analysis and 130 mS/m by the FDEM. With different sources of manure, cattle and sheep have shown similar patterns of electrical conductivity (EC) obtained in the sub-soil layers between active and abandoned corrals: high in the center and low at the edge and outside the corral and decreased with depth.
Highlights
Semiarid and dry Mediterranean regions, which are not utilized for agricultural crops, have been used for hundreds and thousands of years for livestock grazing
Lower electrical conductivity (EC) values appear in blue shades, while higher conductivity values appear in red (Figure 5)
The center of the two maps represents relatively high EC levels, as shown by the salt layer in the sub-soil (Figure 6). This was found to be anomalous, indicating sub-surface conductivity resulting from the presence of the corral, with a higher conductivity value of about 230 mS/m (Figure 5)
Summary
Semiarid and dry Mediterranean regions, which are not utilized for agricultural crops, have been used for hundreds and thousands of years for livestock grazing. These pasturelands are intensively exploited for feeding animals on herbaceous vegetation [1,2,3]. Several factors may affect pastureland nutrient flux: seasonal climate, landscape topography, vegetation species composition, animal type and grazing management practices [4]. In the semiarid Negev desert of Israel, more than 250,000 sheep and goats undergo migration for seasonal grazing in the late winter and spring from their traditional residential settlements in the eastern Negev. Management routine is highly encouraged encouraged by foresters, foresters, who note that grazing will reduce herbaceous vegetation and reduce the risk of forest fires [5,6,7,8]. Traditional livestockgrazing grazing (sheep or cattle) in natural semiarid
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