Frequency distribution of pollutant concentrations over Indian megacities impacted by the COVID-19 lockdown.

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The megacities experience poor air quality frequently due to stronger anthropogenic emissions. India had one of the longest lockdowns in 2020 to curb the spread of COVID-19, leading to reductions in the emissions from anthropogenic activities. In this article, the frequency distributions of different pollutants have been analysed over two densely populated megacities: Delhi (28.70° N; 77.10° E) and Kolkata (22.57° N; 88.36° E). In Delhi, the percentage of days with PM2.5 levels exceeding the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) between 25 March and 17 June dropped from 98% in 2019 to 61% in 2020. The lockdown phase 1 brought down the PM10 (particulate matter having an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm) levels below the daily NAAQS limit over Delhi and Kolkata. However, PM10 exceeded the limit of 100 μgm−3 during phases 2–5 of lockdown over Delhi due to lower temperature, weaker winds, increased relative humidity and commencement of limited traffic movement. The PM2.5 levels exhibit a regressive trend in the highest range from the year 2019 to 2020 in Delhi. The daily mean value for PM2.5 concentrations dropped from 85–90 μgm−3 to 40–45 μgm−3 bin, whereas the PM10 levels witnessed a reduction from 160–180 μgm−3 to 100–120 μgm−3 bin due to the lockdown. Kolkata also experienced a shift in the peak of PM10 distribution from 80–100 μgm−3 in 2019 to 20–40 μgm−3 during the lockdown. The PM2.5 levels in peak frequency distribution were recorded in the 35–40 μgm−3 bin in 2019 which dropped to 15–20 μgm−3 in 2020. In line with particulate matter, other primary gaseous pollutants (NOx, CO, SO2, NH3) also showed decline. However, changes in O3 showed mixed trends with enhancements in some of the phases and reductions in other phases. In contrast to daily mean O3, 8-h maximum O3 showed a reduction over Delhi during lockdown phases except for phase 3. Interestingly, the time of daily maximum was observed to be delayed by ~ 2 h over Delhi (from 1300 to 1500 h) and ~ 1 h over Kolkata (from 1300 to 1400 h) almost coinciding with the time of maximum temperature, highlighting the role of meteorology versus precursors. Emission reductions weakened the chemical sink of O3 leading to enhancement (120%; 11 ppbv) in night-time O3 over Delhi during phases 1–3.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11356-021-16874-z.