Abstract
Nonlinear optical effects based on the χ 2 nonlinearity (optical second harmonic generation, optical frequency mixing, parametric amplification and generation) in optical waveguides have been intensively studied from the very beginning of integrated optics1–3 There were hopes that light confinement for relatively long distances in waveguides would help significantly reduce light power required for efficient nonlinear interaction. Materials fdr guided-wave optical nonlinear applications have to fulfil a number of requirements simultaneously: they should not only exhibit large nonlinearity but it must also be suitable for fabricating high-quality optical waveguides. Moreover, there must exist a way to fulfil the phase matching condition, and, last but not least, the mode field overlap of all three interacting modes has to be as high as possible for good efficiency of the nonlinear process. From just a few suitable materials, lithium niobate crystal is still one of the most promising choices.
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