Abstract
Cascade controllers improve the frequency profiles of the microgrids during power fluctuations. In this paper, a proportional–integral-proportional-derivative (PI-PD) cascade controller is applied to minimize the frequency disturbances of a fully renewable microgrid with electric vehicles. The superiorities of the PI-PD controller are tested at different operating conditions of generation, demand, and comparisons are made with a classical controller. The test system is completely incorporated with biodiesel, biogas, and solar renewable units. In such a completely renewable environment, power balancing is a difficult task. Therefore, the effect of storage units and electric vehicles is also investigated to mitigate active power imbalances. Furthermore, the optimal power generation concept is incorporated with variable participation factors of biodiesel and biogas plants which improves the load frequency control objectives of the isolated microgrid. For all the simulation case studies, the controller’s gains are identified by using a magnetotactic bacteria optimizer using the MATLAB-SIMULINK platform.
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