Frequency Control Ancillary Service Provided by Efficient Power Plants Integrated in Queuing-Controlled Domestic Water Heaters

Yebai Qi,Hongjie Jia,Dan Wang,Kaixin Liu,Xuyang Wang,Naishi Chen,Tianjiao Pu

doi:10.3390/en10040559

Abstract

Frequency is an important parameter of a power system. It is of great significance to maintain its stability, especially in the current development scenario of large-scale interconnected power systems. Thermostatically controlled appliances (TCAs) are good controllable resources for demand response owing to their rapid response capabilities and relatively wide controllable ranges. In this study, domestic water heaters, which have wider deadbands compared with other typical TCAs, such as heat pumps, are used as frequency regulation resources. The main contribution of this paper is that it proposes a queuing-controlled strategy with lock-on and off constraints for controlling an efficient power plant consisting of water heaters (EPP-WH). The queuing-controlled strategy enables TCAs to provide frequency regulation ancillary service for the normal operation of the power system. The thermal dynamic process of the water heater and the formation of the EPP-WH are first discussed. Based on the developed model, a series of strategies are proposed, including load shedding calculation, top layer optimization, and improved temperature priority list (TPL) strategy with lock-on and off constraints. Finally, typical case studies are discussed to illustrate the frequency regulation effects and the effects of two characteristic parameters—users’ willingness and lock time limits. Reasonable targets are generated based on various consideration from top layer optimization module. The results indicate that using the model and proposed strategies, the EPP-WH has good frequency regulation performance.

Highlights

Frequency is a critical parameter that indicates the balance between power generation and load consumption in power systems
We focused on the performance of the efficient power plant consisting of water heaters (EPP-WH), assuming EV and storage has good and stable performance
This section discusses the effects of several key parameters on the control methods

Summary

Introduction

Frequency is a critical parameter that indicates the balance between power generation and load consumption in power systems. If the system’s frequency is still out of the normal range, effective measures must be taken to maintain the frequency stability, such as load shedding and modifying demand response. In such conditions, load shedding is regarded as one effective emergency control method, which has been an established practice to bring systems back to their normal operating state. Load shedding is regarded as one effective emergency control method, which has been an established practice to bring systems back to their normal operating state It is a long-term measure often used after the primary frequency regulation fails. The main objective of load shedding is to bring the system’s frequency back to an Energies 2017, 10, 559; doi:10.3390/en10040559 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

Methods

Results

Conclusion