Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a complex syndrome resulting from any structural or functional impairment that reduces ventricular filling or ejection of blood. The cardinal manifestations of this syndrome are: dyspnea, which may limit exercise tolerance, and fluid retention that can lead to peripheral edema and in severe cases, pulmonary and splanchnic congestion [ 1 McMurray J. Adamopoulos S. Anker S.D. Auricchio A. Böhm M. Dickstein K. et al. ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012. Eur Heart J. 2012; 33: 1787-1847 Crossref PubMed Scopus (4191) Google Scholar , 2 Yancy C. Jessup M. Bozkurt B. Butler J. Casey D. Drazne M. et al. ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure. Circulation. 2013; 2013: 6-94 Google Scholar , 3 Wang D. Gottlieb S. Diuretics: still the mainstay of treatment. Crit Care Med. 2008; 36: S89-S92 Crossref PubMed Scopus (38) Google Scholar ].
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