Frenzied and Fallen Females: Women and Sexual Dishonor in the Nineteenth-Century United States

In the USA, an estimated one-in-two adolescent African American women have a sexually transmissible infection (STI). 1 In addition, African American women have the second highest rates of HIV infection of any race/ethnic and gender group, and 13-29-year-old women have the highest proportion of new HIV infections compared with all other age groups. 2 These findings represent a 'syndemic' for young African American women, where the STI and HIV epidemics are 'interacting synergistically to contribute to excess burden of disease'. 3or young African American women, the disproportionately high STI prevalence along with behavioural, biological and social circumstances signals the potential for the HIV epidemic to become more entrenched by creating an effective and efficient pathway for sexual transmission of HIV.First, due to higher STI prevalence rates within African American sexual networks, young African American women are at increased risk for STIs and HIV. 4 Second, the presence of certain STIs can increase the likelihood of HIV transmission by two-to fivefold. 5,6Third, adolescent women often have older male sexual partners, 7 which can set up a link from a higher HIV prevalence network of older men to a relatively low prevalence network of adolescent women. 8Fourth, the increased biological efficiency of HIV transmission from male to female in heterosexual intercourse 9 and the increased physiological susceptibility to HIV infection of young women because their cervical cells are more easily traumatised compared with older women 10 further intensify these high-to-low-prevalence transmission dynamics.When these factors are embedded in a larger context of high HIV prevalence, a move from a concentrated to a generalised HIV epidemic becomes possible.As seen in Washington D.C., high rates of incident HIV cases among women coincided with heterosexual sex as the primary transmission mode. 11e need to heed the early warning signs of this 'canary in the coal mine'.The STI rates among young African American women represent a window into where the HIV epidemic may be moving.We have an opportunity to intervene early in the epidemic trajectory; however, it is important that we develop, implement, and fund new and existing prevention for young African American women and their sexual partners that is proactive, integrated and comprehensive.

Reviewed by: Southern Sons: Becoming Men in the New Nation, and: Scarlett's Sisters: Young Women in the Old South Evan A. Kontarinis (bio) Southern Sons: Becoming Men in the New Nation. By Lorri Glover. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. Pp. 250. Cloth, $50.00.) Scarlett's Sisters: Young Women in the Old South. By Anya Jabour. (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2007. Pp. 374. Cloth, $39.95.) Historians studying elite young men and women in the early republic South have often fallen victim to employing southern stereotypes in approaching their topics: Men are studied as creatures of honor who live and die by the sword to defend their reputation, while women are presented as one-dimensional southern belles. These studies have provided interesting insights on the meanings of manhood and womanhood in this time period, but they have been criticized for being too restrictive. A new crop of historians is more interested in studying southern men and women on their own terms, as incomplete identities who were always changing, always negotiating and transforming themselves toward a more perfect version of a gendered ideal. Two such historians, Anya Jabour and Lorri Glover, take issue with earlier approaches and make good on taking earlier historians to task by studying manhood and womanhood not as static categories of analysis, but as goals toward which young men and women labored in processes that over time shaped and reshaped the definitions of gender. In Southern Sons, Glover studies the ideal of manhood to which elite young men between the 1790s and the 1820s aspired. Glover finds fault with previous studies that posited honor as the central theme in understanding young southern men. Instead, she argues that honor is merely a single [End Page 760] component of manhood, and that manhood was the culmination of a process that young boys navigated and negotiated in the early republic. Jabour's Scarlett's Sisters traces the lifelong self-fashioning process of womanhood through which coming-of-age women adopted racial, regional, and gender identities. Jabour's "ladies-in-training" rebelled against and resisted society's patriarchal prescriptions and promoted female agency. Both books trace the processes through which elite men and women experienced life stages: youth, adolescence, courtship, adulthood, and the shakeup of the status quo with the coming of the Civil War. While young men and women faced different challenges, both genders exhibited a sense of rebelliousness and questioned authority throughout their journeys of self-definition. Elite families trained their young sons to exhibit an independent nature and a spirit of autonomy. The goal for these youths was to attain what Glover terms "manly independence," a balance between deference to social expectations and an autonomous spirit, and the young men in Southern Sons display that independent spirit extensively. But families who sought to rein in those sons who showed too much independence never ruled these young men with heavy hands. Instead, parents negotiated authority and left good and proper behavior up to their sons. Glover cites many rich examples of parents seeking to coax sons toward good behavior rather than compel them. This type of parenting helped to spur young men toward manhood while nurturing a constant questioning of authority. As a result, we read about young men who exhibited a lifelong negotiation with authority, with society's expectations, with one another, and eventually with the North. Young women on the other hand were expected to embody self-denial, to revel in the pleasing of others, and, in that pleasing, to find personal happiness. But in these expectations for young women, Jabour still finds room for a rebellious nature and individual agency. Young southern women did not display an outward streak of resistance, but in their own way, in what Jabour terms a "safely invisible" manner, they resisted patriarchal notions of womanhood by extending each stage of their lives and avoiding responsibilities they were not ready to face (13). For example, young women who feared the birthing process, and in the early nineteenth century there was much to fear indeed, resisted motherhood and prolonged their single lives. The life stage of engagement allowed women their final opportunity for holding out for true...

Influence of age and gender on triglycerides-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL ratio) and its association with adiposity index

Bridging youth and gender studies to analyse rural young women and men's livelihood pathways in Central Uganda

Transactional sex may put young women and young men in sub-Saharan Africa at increased risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV/AIDS. This behavior may also put young women at higher risk of pregnancy and childbearing. Policymakers and program managers need to know what factors put youth at increased risk. We investigated this issue using logistic regression analyses of data from male and female modules of Demographic and Health Surveys from 12 sub-Saharan African countries. We found that young men and young women are at greater risk of engaging in transactional sex than are older people. Unmarried young women and young men were significantly more likely to engage in transactional sex than married youth. Based on these results, our conclusions were that programs geared toward reducing the incidence of transactional sex or protecting men and women already in transactional sexual relationships should be aimed at both young women and young men. Due to our finding that unmarried young women and young men are more vulnerable to experiencing transactional sex, programs to prevent transactional sex should be specifically directed to this subgroup of young people.

Young Adults Are Worse Off Than Adolescents

Many scientific studies have shown the superiority of the Harvold method when performing linear measurements for both the upper and lower jaw. The purpose of the work is to construct and analyze the regression models of teleroentgenographic indices used in the method of E.P. Harvold young men and women with normal occlusion close to orthognathic bite and harmonic face. The analysis of lateral teleroentgenograms of 38 young men (aged from 17 to 21) and 55 young women (aged from 16 to 20 years) with normal occlusion close to orthognathic bite and harmonic face, obtained using the Veraviewepocs 3D device, Morita (Japan), was performed according to the techniques of R.M. Ricketts, C.J. Burstone, E.P. Harvold. In the course of the study, all the indicators of the above methods, were divided into three groups: 1 – metric characteristics of the skull, which usually do not change during surgical and orthodontic treatment; 2 – indicators of the tooth-jaw system that allow people with already formed bone skeleton to change the width, length, angles and position of the bones of the upper and lower jaws; 3 – indicators that characterize the position of each individual tooth relative to each other, to the bony cranial structures and face profile. In the licensed package “Statistica 6.0”, regression models were constructed for the following parameters included in the second group, depending on the parameters of the first group: ANS-Сond (maxillary length in the Harvold method described as TM-ANS), Pog-Cond (mandibular length in the E.P. Harvold method is indicated as TM-PGN), Max-Mand – (difference in jaw lengths); as well as the index included in the third group, depending on the indicators of the first and second groups – Ap1uAp1l-DOP (angle Ap1uAp1l-DOP). In the young men, all three possible reliable models of teleroentgenographic parameters were constructed using the E.P. Harvold method, which were included in the second group, depending on the indicators of the first group (R2 = from 0.616 to 0.940), and in young women only the length of the upper and lower jaws (R2=0.857 and 0.792). In both young men and women, all models of the second group of models built according to the indicators of the first group included the distance P-PTV. Up to two models for young men and one model for young women included the distance Pt-N. Also, one model for young men and women included the angle of the cranial tilt (POr-NBa). Only young women have models for the front length of the skull base (N-CC). As for young men and women, we also built a reliable model of the third group indicator, depending on the indicators of the first and second groups (the angle Ap1uAp1l-DOP) (respectively, R2=0.626 and R2=0.584). And in young men and women, the size of the distance A-B is included to the constructed regression equations. In addition, in young men, the regression equation includes the value of the distance P-PTV; while in young women - the angles of the ANS-Xi-PM, MeGo-NPog and N-CF-A, as well as the difference in jaw lengths Max-Mand.

Introduction: Acoustic analysis of voice is a method for assessing its quality, which has a relatively low cost. It quite simple to use, and is non-invasive. One of the programs of spectral analysis of voice is the program Praat, which allows to explore its acoustic characteristics and analyze the forms, also its allows to edit sound segments and print the spectrogram. The purpose: Investigate the acoustic parameters of the voice Ukrainians of different ages and genders and perform the calculation of reference intervals (RI) for these indicators. Material and methods: We had examined150 healthy Ukrainians aged 18 to 70. The study was performed using a Behringer C1U condenser microphone and Praat software (version 5.1.12.). The following acoustic characteristics of the voice were studied: the fundamental frequency of voice (F0) in Hz, the maximum phonation time (MPT) in seconds, the Harmonic to Noise Ratio (HNR) in dB, Jitter in%, Shimmer in%. Four groups were formed for the study: 1a – young women (18-44 years); 2a – young men (18-44 years); 1b – middle-aged women (45-59 years); 2b – middle-aged men (45-59 years). Results: Young and middle-aged men showed significantly higher MPT than women of relevant age. The value of MPT in women with age increased slightly, in men decreased slightly. RI for the indicator of MPT, in 1a group is 11,35-31,28 s, in 2a group – 15,55-39,53 s, in 1b group -14,30-33,01 s, and in 2b group –12,59-31,90 s. The value of F0 in young and middle-aged women is statistically higher than in men of the same age group (p <0.001). With age, this figure decreases slightly in women and men. RI for the indicator F0, in 1a group is 107,0-316,5 Hz, in 2a group – 94,1-139,3 Hz, in 1b group – 94,3-339,1 Hz, and in 2b group – 80,3 -174,3Hz.A comparative analysis of the HNR in young and middle-aged men didn’t show significant differences. In middle-aged women this value is significantly higher than in young women. RI for the HNR in group 1a is 14,194-26,946 dB; in group 2a – 17,328-28,675 dB; in group 1b -15,254-26,536 dB, and in group 2b – 13,545-30,368 dB. The Jitter index in men and young women does not differ statistically. This figure increases statistically in men with age, in women this rate the same level. RI for the Jitter in 1a group – 0,110-0,436%; in 2a group – 0,101-0,472%; in 1b group – 0,094-0,520% and in 2b group – 0,117-0,460%. A comparative analysis of Shimmer in men and young women didn't show significant differences, but in middle-aged women this figure decreased statistically compared to young women. In men, this figure has not changed with age. The RI for the Shimmer index is 1,974-14,128% in group 1a; 2,592-12,378% in group 2a; 2,008-6,788% in group 1b; 2,016-12,260% – In group 2b. Conclusions: Indicators of spectral analysis of voice in young and middle-aged women and men are relatively stable and do not change significantly in this time period.

Introduction: Addressing the vulnerability of young women and girls to stop the HIV epidemic in southern Africa

Femina migransGerman Domestic Servants in Paris, 1870–1914, a Case Study Mareike König (bio) Mobility has a long tradition on the European continent. Recent historical research shows migration as a “normal and structural element of human societies throughout history.”1 Among these people on the move were young men and women working as servants and domestics in farm or urban households. Before the nineteenth century most of them covered shorter distances and thus participated in a rural-rural movement, not yet fully explored by historical research.2 Beginning in the late eighteenth century the steady extension of a bourgeois lifestyle imitating noble habits lead to an increasing demand for domestics in many urban middle-class households.3 Due to rural overpopulation and the poverty that accompanied it, the nineteenth century saw a rising number of single young women migrating mostly—but not exclusively—from the countryside to the towns. The improved transportation infrastructure supported this migration movement. Thus, domestic work became the main way of integrating young rural women into urban wage-working. It was also the main reason for women to migrate.4 In the 1880s between 30 percent and 40 percent of all women employed in Europe were working in city households.5 Working as a domestic was hence an experience shared by great numbers of young women in the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. Long unattended by historical research, migration of women and especially of domestics is now explored through family, cultural, gender, and transnational history, as well as historical demography.6Femina migrans was a decisive agent.7 Women acted independently and were as aware of their labor market value and the higher wages they could realize abroad as their male counterparts.”8 This article aims to take a close look at German-speaking domestics in Paris from 1870 to 1914. Although the labor market for foreign domestics, it was said, was firmly ruled by the German Fräulein, this migration is nowadays almost forgotten. German domestics in Paris shared to a large extent the [End Page 93] same experiences as other migrant domestic servants elsewhere in Europe at that time. Yet the hostile political background after the Franco-German war in 1870–71 distinguished the German domestic’s stay in Paris considerably from the experience of other national groups in other countries. Based on some rare autobiographical sources presented in the first part of the article, several points brought up by recent research on migration and domestics can be confirmed and explored throughout this article: German domestics in Paris showed high mobility and adaptability to the labor market as well as to actual (political) circumstances. They also built and maintained long–lasting informal networks that helped them get along in a strange and often hostile environment. Migrant domestics’ agency can therefore be strongly highlighted. German domestics experienced differences on a social, religious, and gender level, and they were especially exposed to the effects of growing nationalism in France and in Germany in the aftermath of the war in 1870–71. Not only did nation and language play the most important roles in the development of the young women’s identities, but they also caused German charitable institutions to strengthen the links of the migrants with the newly founded Kaiserreich. Sources Any historical work on the Germans in Paris in the nineteenth century is based on incomplete sources—due to fires during the Paris Commune and two waves of expulsion of the German population from Paris, once during the Franco-German war of 1870–71 and again at the beginning of World War I.9 As a result of these enforced, hasty departures many documents are now lost. Although they are somewhat dispersed, there are, however, sources on German maids living in Paris. These can be arranged into four groups: autobiographical sources, charity organization sources, contemporary observers’ sources, and official statistics. There are very few autobiographical sources—letters written and received by young women, personal diaries and accounts—even though reading and writing were important parts of a maid’s life.10 They were a means of passing the time before and after work and during a break. Writing was also...

BackgroundIn contemporary Iran, the nation's traditional and deeply religious society is currently experiencing swift transformations in its moral, cultural, and social aspects. It is, therefore, not surprising to observe shifts in people's attitudes toward sexuality, largely attributed to the profound impact of widespread social networks, the proliferation of information technology, and increased levels of education. Unmarried young women may potentially face adverse consequences from engaging in extramarital sexual relationships across various aspects of their lives. Acknowledging the pivotal role of self-care in influencing the sexual behaviors of young women, the objective of this study is to compile a comprehensive list of self-care strategies aimed at improving the sexual well-being of young, single Iranian women.MethodsThe research will unfold in three distinct phases: Phase 1: Explanatory Sequential Mixed-Method Study This initial phase encompasses both quantitative and qualitative aspects. It begins with a cross-sectional survey, where we will gather data from 400 unmarried female students aged 18 to 29 years, utilizing a cluster random sampling method at Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Data collection will involve the use of a researcher-designed questionnaire. Subsequently, the qualitative phase will involve conducting in-depth, semi-structured interviews with female students from the University. To analyze this qualitative data, we will employ the content analysis approach. The findings obtained from both phases will be combined. Phase 2: Narrative Review In the second stage of the study, we will conduct an extensive narrative review to explore existing strategies related to the subject matter comprehensively. This review will serve as the foundational basis for our subsequent analysis. Phase 3: Strategy Prioritization In the final phase, we will prioritize the proposed strategies using a nominal group process, soliciting expert advice. This step will result in the definitive list of strategies that emerge from the study.DiscussionThis study pioneers the field of sexual health, with the goal of developing a protocol for creating self-care strategies based on the perspectives of young, unmarried Iranian women. It offers potential evidence-based insights into current developments in the physical, psychological, and social aspects of sexual health within this demographic. Additionally, it aims to furnish essential information to healthcare policymakers regarding the sexual health of young women.

Previous studies in animals have demonstrated that the arterial baroreflex control of heart rate (HR) was greater in female compared to male rodents. In contrast, equivocal results have been reported in humans with several studies reporting that young women, in fact, exhibit a reduced cardiac baroreflex sensitivity compared to young men. In addition, to date, no studies have examined differences in the baroreflex control of HR during exercise in young men and women. PURPOSE: To determine if the carotid baroreflex control of HR differs between young men and women at rest or during dynamic exercise. METHODS: Beat-to-beat HR and blood pressure were measured in nine young women (22±1 yr) and men (22±1 yr) at rest and during steady-state leg cycling at 50% HR reserve. All women were studied during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (days 2-5). Five second pulses of neck suction (NS, -60 Torr) and neck pressure (NP, + 40 Torr) were applied to selectively load and unload the carotid baroreceptors, respectively. In addition, HR variability analyses were employed to investigate time and frequency domain indices of parasympathetic and sympathetic control of HR. RESULTS: At rest and during exercise, HR responses to NS were significantly greater in women than men (rest, D -16±3 women vs. D -8±1 men bpm, P = 0.002; exercise, D -17±3 women vs. D -6±1 men bpm, P = 0.004), whereas responses to NP were similar between groups (rest, D + 7±1 women vs. D + 5±1 men bpm, P = 0.222; exercise, D + 4±1 women vs. D + 2±1 men bpm, P = 0.096). In addition, there were no differences in HR variability measurements between women and men both at rest and during exercise. CONCLUSION: Carotid baroreflex mediated HR responses to a hypertensive challenge are greater in young women both at rest and during exercise. In contrast, the ability of the carotid-cardiac baroreflex to respond to a hypotensive challenge is similar between young women and men. Overall, these preliminary data suggest that sex differences in cardiac baroreflex responses are selective to hypertensive challenges both at rest and during exercise.

'Shall I Fetter Her Will?': Literary Americans Confront Feminine Submission begins with an interpretation of antebellum gender relations that divides world into public and private, masculine and feminine, assertive and passive. Men, according this system of social markers and meanings, had all world's power. They were the movers, doers, actors. In performing a quintessential femininity, women were men's opposite. Denied authority and autonomy, they were submissive responders. If this interpretation sounds familiar, it should. Laura McCall has culled illustrative quotations from Barbara Welter's landmark of True Womanhood: 1820-1860. Although Julie Roy Jeffrey does not cite Welter directly, Permeable Boundaries: Abolitionist Women and Separate Spheres takes her conclusions as a point of departure (and, as with McCall, as a point of opposition). Published in American Quarterly in Summer of 1966, Welter's article on nineteenth-century America's ideology of womanhood has had an enormous impact. In closely affiliated fields of American women's history and American women's literature, many scholars, at least until recently, have agreed that antebellum women were held hostage four behavioral tenets that Welter posited-piety, purity, submissiveness and domesticity.1 In decades following its publication, of True seemed be everywhere. subject of a special session at American Studies Association meeting in 1977, article was also reprinted in a host of collections. The Cult of True appeared in Ronald Hogeland's widely read Women and Womanhood in America, published in 1973. Welter herself reprinted it in Dimity Convictions: American Woman in Nineteenth Century, collection of her essays issued a decade after article appeared in American Quarterly. Mary Beth Norton included it in Major Problems in American Women's History, a collection of essays and documents that has been used in classrooms across nation since its publication in 1989. More recently, John R. M. Wilson made The Cult of True central Forging American Character, interdisciplinary collection he edited for Prentice-Hall in 1991. Barbara Welter's of True Womanhood, 1820-1860 has also been widely cited in historical and literary scholarship on nineteenth-century women, white and black. During 1970s, Welter's paradigm served as a point of departure for Kathryn Kish Sklar and Nancy Cott, both of whom influenced much of subsequent scholarship in American women's history. Published in 1974, Sklar's pathbreaking Catharine Beecher: A Study in American Domesticity highlighted compromise that Beecher told white women strike with their male counterparts: if they agreed restrict their participation in larger society, they could have control of domestic sphere. Welter's womanhood demonstrated widespread popularity of this bargain by 1840s, Sklar told readers. Nancy Cott's Bonds of Womanhood: Woman's Sphere in New England, 17801835 opened with an acknowledgment Welter. When she began pursue her research on New England women, Cott told readers that she had wanted understand how Welter's womanhood related women's actual circumstances, experiences, and consciousness. She had turned women's letters, diaries, and journals and looked decades before 1830 to find out what had happened that might clarify reception of or need for a `cult.' Fifteen years after publication of Bonds of Womanhood in 1977, Jo Anne Preston embarked on a similar project in an article that she published in New England Quarterly. Preston had wanted understand impact of Welter's womanhood on New England women's entry into profession of teaching.2 Literary critics, most notably those who focused on antebellum narratives of black women, have begun with Welter's of True Womanhood. …

Objective: To review the effectiveness of primary prevention strategies aimed at delaying sexual intercourse, improving use of birth control, and reducing incidence of unintended pregnancy in adolescents.Data sources: 12 electronic...

Previous articleNext article No AccessIn from the Periphery: American Women in Science, 1830-1880Sally Gregory KohlstedtSally Gregory Kohlstedt Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Signs Volume 4, Number 1Autumn, 1978Women, Science, and Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/493570 Views: 17Total views on this site Citations: 28Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1978 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Mary Orr ‘In from the Periphery’? Re-framing the Reach of the Nineteenth-Century French Literary-Scientific Imagination, Dix-Neuf 25, no.3-43-4 (Jan 2022): 280–299.https://doi.org/10.1080/14787318.2021.2017571Javier Gómez-Ferri, Gregorio González-Alcaide, Ramón LLopis-Goig Measuring dissatisfaction with coauthorship: An empirical approach based on the researchers’ perception, Journal of Informetrics 13, no.44 (Nov 2019): 100980.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2019.100980Kara W. Swanson Rubbing Elbows and Blowing Smoke: Gender, Class, and Science in the Nineteenth-Century Patent Office, Isis 108, no.11 (Mar 2017): 40–61.https://doi.org/10.1086/691396 Bibliography, (Oct 2015): 566–665.https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119072218.biblioScott A. Elias A Brief History of the Changing Occupations and Demographics of Coleopterists from the 18th Through the 20th Century, Journal of the History of Biology 47, no.22 (Aug 2013): 213–242.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10739-013-9365-9Margaret W. Rossiter The More You Look, the More You Find: Archives of Recent American Women Scientists, Centaurus 54, no.44 (Oct 2012): 288–291.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0498.2012.00277.xGeorgina H. Endfield, Carol Morris ‘Well weather is not a girl thing is it?’ Contemporary amateur meteorology, gender relations and the shaping of domestic masculinity, Social & Cultural Geography 13, no.33 (May 2012): 233–253.https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2012.677470William P. Palmer Forgotten Women in Science Education, (Jan 2011): 167–187.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6091-719-6_9Mary R.S. Creese, Thomas M. Creese British women who contributed to research in the geological sciences in the nineteenth century, Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 117, no.11 (Jan 2006): 53–83.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7878(06)80030-1 Margaret C. Jacob Dorothée Sturkenboom A Women’s Scientific Society in the West: The Late Eighteenth‐Century Assimilation of Science Jacob and Sturkenboom, Isis 94, no.22 (Jul 2015): 217–252.https://doi.org/10.1086/379385Pamela M. Henson Invading Arcadia: Women Scientists in the Field in Latin America, 1900-1950, The Americas 58, no.44 (Dec 2015): 577–600.https://doi.org/10.1353/tam.2002.0045Lois Arnold Becoming A Geologist: Florence Bascom In Wisconsin, 1874-1887, Earth Sciences History 18, no.22 (Jan 1999): 159–179.https://doi.org/10.17704/eshi.18.2.m5500526x7331430Mary R. S. Creese, Thomas M. Creese British women who contributed to research in the geological sciences in the nineteenth century, The British Journal for the History of Science 27, no.11 (Jan 2009): 23–54.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087400031654Carole B. Shmurak, Bonnie S. Handler Lydia Shattuck: “A Streak of the Modern”, Teaching Education 3, no.22 (Jan 1991): 127–131.https://doi.org/10.1080/1047621910030214 Sally Gregory Kohlstedt Parlors, Primers, and Public Schooling: Education for Science in Nineteenth-Century America, Isis 81, no.33 (Oct 2015): 424–445.https://doi.org/10.1086/355454Emanuel D. Rudolph WOMEN WHO STUDIED PLANTS IN THE PRE‐TWENTIETH CENTURY UNITED STATES AND CANADA, TAXON 39, no.22 (Jun 2019): 151–205.https://doi.org/10.2307/1223016Marianne G. Ainley Unequal Colleagues: The Entrance of Women into the Professions, The Journal of Higher Education 60, no.11 (Nov 2016): 116–118.https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.1989.11778827Marjorie R. Theobald Women's studies in colonial Victoria, Melbourne Studies in Education 31, no.11 (Jan 1989): 14–33.https://doi.org/10.1080/17508488909556228Beatrice Scheer Smith JANE COLDEN (1724-1766) AND HER BOTANIC MANUSCRIPT, American Journal of Botany 75, no.77 (Jul 1988): 1090–1096.https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1988.tb08817.xBARBARA IMBER AND NANCY TUANA Feminist Perspectives on Science, Hypatia 3, no.11 (Dec 2008): 139–155.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.1988.tb00060.xClara M. Chu, Bertrum H. MacDonald Women in Canadian Science and Technology before World War I: their Publication Record, Scientia Canadensis 12, no.22 (Jul 2009): 75–96.https://doi.org/10.7202/800270arDorinda Outram The most difficult career: Women's history in science, International Journal of Science Education 9, no.33 (May 1987): 409–416.https://doi.org/10.1080/0950069870090319Katherine D. Neustadt The nature of woman and the development of American folklore, Women's Studies International Forum 9, no.33 (Jan 1986): 227–234.https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-5395(86)90057-9Emanuel D. Rudolph WOMEN IN NINETEENTH CENTURY AMERICAN BOTANY; A GENERALLY UNRECOGNIZED CONSTITUENCY, American Journal of Botany 69, no.88 (Sep 1982): 1346–1355.https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1982.tb13382.xMargaret Alic The history of women in science: A women's studies course, Women's Studies International Forum 5, no.11 (Jan 1982): 75–81.https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-5395(82)90066-8Anne Fausto-Sterling Women and science, Women's Studies International Quarterly 4, no.11 (Jan 1981): 41–50.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-0685(81)96343-0D. E. Allen The Women Members of the Botanical Society of London, 1836–1856, The British Journal for the History of Science 13, no.33 (Jan 2009): 240–254.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087400018057D. J. Kevles, J. L. Sturchio, P. T. Carroll The Sciences in America, Circa 1880, Science 209, no.44524452 (Jul 1980): 27–32.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.209.4452.27