Abstract

In France of the postwar era, African-American organizations and individuals fighting for integration in the United States aligned with French “post-colonial” politics. However, African Americans individuals and organizations who opposed integration and promoted the development of self-sustaining African-American communities represented an active threat to the French government. The Nation of Islam, Malcolm X, and the Black Power movement embodied such threat. But if these people and movements threatened the French system, they often inspired the black populations of France.

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