Abstract
Concern has been expressed regarding the impacts of climate change on river ice and ice jam formation in cold regions. Ice jams are easily initiated in bends and narrow channels and cause disasters. In this study, observations and remote sensing monitoring are used to study the freeze-up ice jam formation of bends. Sediment transport and freezing process of the river interact, influencing bed changes profile and sedimentary budget. River ice processes, channel evolution, ice hydro-thermodynamics, and ice jam accumulation are explored. The results show that the channel topography determines the river thalweg, and that the channel elevation interacts with the river ice through sediment transport. The channel shrinkage increases the probability of ice jam, and the sharp bend is prone to ice jam formation. Under the effect of secondary circulation flow in the bend and in the outer bank, the juxtaposed freeze-up and the hummocky ice cover occur in the same location, and frazil ice accumulates under the junction of the main channel and the shoals. Affected by the increase of the hydraulic slope and the velocity downstream, open water reaches develops downstream of the ice accumulation. An open water section is emerged upstream of the bend, due to the ice deposition, and partly cut-off supply of the frazil.
Highlights
Ice accumulation, one of the topics in river engineering, is crucial since it may result in hazardous situations
In the duration of the freeze-up period, cold weather cools down water, forming frazil ice particles and slush pans
If the path of these particles, running near or on the surface surface becomes blocked by any reason, ice jam occurs in the form of surface or thickened becomes blocked by any reason, ice jam occurs in the form of surface or thickened jamjamming [19]
Summary
One of the topics in river engineering, is crucial since it may result in hazardous situations. More parameters are added to the bending flow, which causes superelevation of water surface near the outer bank and secondary currents, in comparison with the straight one. Flow near the surface inclines towards the outer bank, and near the bed towards the inner bank. The interaction between transverse circulation and the longitudinal flow, which produces a spiral motion, increases the turbulent water mass mixture [1]. As regards these changes in the flow behavior, the ice accumulation trend in river bends will be affected. Apart from that, due to the mass mixture and transverse flow, ice accumulation may occur along the inner bank
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