Abstract
Similar to various other disciplines, there have been significant changes and developments in the communication domain during the first quarter of the 21st century. The use of the Internet, which is considered as a vital communication tool in modern times, and often referred to as the “digital information communication era/digital era”, has become increasingly popular and has experienced significant development and change. Such change has led to a transformation in the concept of “new media” and has extended its scope to include the concept of social media; thus, the Internet has become an essential aspect of life due to its characteristics of facilitating information access and socialization. The “Internet” can be interpreted in different ways, including an important mass communication tool that serves the purposes of globalization (within McLuhan’s Global Village Theory); or an important tool in the simulation universe (within Bourdieu’s Simulation Universe Theory); or a new public sphere (within Habermas’s Public Sphere Theory). However, in addition to its benefits, the “harm” has also become an issue that is subject to analysis as much as the legal responsibility dimension of the concept. From this perspective, various countries around the world have started to use different practices in relation to the access and use of terms in political and legal aspects. In particular, “the Internet censorship” has become vital in the determination of limits, since crossing such lines could damage the fundamental principles of human rights and democracy. The American organization, Freedom House, which conducts regular studies to identify the status of relevant limitations as well Internet freedoms and publishes reports accordingly, is a leading supervisory body when it comes to “the freedoms” on a global scale. Based on the independence of analysis conducted in various countries by Freedom House on the practices of those countries from an international political and economic perspective based on political rights and human rights; at the specific level, this study assesses the analysis of Freedom House conducted on the USA in different periods within the framework of decisions made by American courts and statements from politicians. In general, this study aims to discuss the possibility of Freedom House maintaining its activities in an independent structure. This study has a multi-disciplinary nature, with communication science focusing on the concept of the Internet as a basic communication tool; with the jurisprudence due to the assessment of legal arrangements used for internet censorship, given by other geographical example, with a particular focus on the example of the USA and related court decisions; and political science due to the regulation of the subject and the preparation of related laws by the government and interpretation of the matter by politicians. Additionally, pursuant to the data collected in relation with all disciplines, the status of Internet freedom in the USA, which is indicated in the reports of Freedom House to be one of the countries with the most freedom, and objectivity analysis of Freedom House will be performed through the content analysis (legal analysis and comparative analysis) method.
Highlights
After important progress was made in the years following academic research that began in the 1960s, the research started to take a different form with the increased usage of computer technology—especially in the 1990s—subsequently “the social media”, a originally a term that emerged in the 1970s, has been further developed and presently occupies an important place under the title of “the new Internet media”
Within the scope of McLuhan’s “Global Village” and Habermas’ “Public Sphere”, this study focuses on the concept of “the Internet”
The concept of “the American Dream”, which means that the USA is “a country of freedoms”, will be evaluated within the framework of Baudrillard’s Theory of the Simulation Universe, and it will be researched whether there is a lack of clarity in the practice of Internet freedoms
Summary
After important progress was made in the years following academic research that began in the 1960s, the research started to take a different form with the increased usage of computer technology—especially in the 1990s—subsequently “the social media”, a originally a term that emerged in the 1970s, has been further developed and presently occupies an important place under the title of “the new Internet media”. In the digital era, the notions of “the new media/the social media” have an important place in people’s lives, and it has become an issue that has been researched extensively in terms of the advantages and disadvantages of the Internet, along with the legal dimension In this context, different kinds of practices for access and usage have been implemented politically and legally by various countries around the world. In the frame of the Internet censorship and the freedom of expression balance, which should be established sensitively, the politicians’ discourse and the practices (the laws in-effect/withdrawn/in-draft and the court decisions), will be analyzed, within the USA and in comparison to other examples from European countries In this regard, the concept of “the American Dream”, which means that the USA is “a country of freedoms”, will be evaluated within the framework of Baudrillard’s Theory of the Simulation Universe, and it will be researched whether there is a lack of clarity in the practice of Internet freedoms. In this study, related regulations legislated by the USA Government and the related decisions made by the USA courts are analyzed via a method of law analysis; data about the approaches taken by the USA authorities (politicians) towards the related decisions are analyzed via the method of content analysis; and data about research and reports related to the example of the American organization Freedom House in comparison with other countries are analyzed via the method of comparative analysis
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