Abstract
A breakthrough has been discovered in pathology chemistry related to increasing molecular structure that can interfere with oxygen diffusion through cell membranes. Free radicals can crosslink unsaturated low-viscosity fatty acid oils by chain-growth polymerization into more viscous liquids and even solids. Free radicals are released by mitochondria in response to intermittent hypoxia that can increase membrane molecular organization to reduce fluidity and oxygen diffusion in a possible continuing vicious cycle toward pathological disease. Alternate computational chemistry demonstrates molecular bond dynamics in free energy for cell membrane physiologic movements. Paired electrons in oxygen and nitrogen atoms require that oxygen bonds rotate and nitrogen bonds invert to seek polar nano-environments and hide from nonpolar nano-environments thus creating fluctuating instability at a nonpolar membrane and polar biologic fluid interface. Subsequent mechanomolecular movements provide free energy to increase diffusion by membrane transport of molecules and oxygen into the cell, cell-membrane signaling/recognition/defense in addition to protein movements for enzyme mixing. In other chemistry calcium bonds to membrane phosphates primarily on the outer plasma cell membrane surface to influence the membrane firing threshold for excitability and better seal out water permeation. Because calcium is an excellent metal conductor and membrane phosphate headgroups form a semiconductor at the biologic fluid interface, excess electrons released by mitochondria may have more broad dissipation potential by safe conduction through calcium atomic-sized circuits on the outer membrane surface. Regarding medical conditions, free radicals are known to produce pathology especially in age-related disease in addition to aging. Because cancer cell membranes develop extreme polymorphism that has been extensively followed in research, accentuated easily-visualized free-radical models are developed. In terms of treatment, use of vitamin nutrient supplements purported to be antioxidants that remove free radicals has not proved worthwhile in clinical trials presumably due to errors with early antioxidant measurements based on inaccurate colorimetry tests. However, newer covalent-bond shrinkage tests now provide accurate measurements for free-radical inhibitor hydroquinone and other molecules toward drug therapy.
Highlights
The consequences for blockage of molecular oxygen at the molecular, cell membrane and tissue levels has implications that provide a better understanding of pathology in most every major medical condition known to mankind
Results have clearly demonstrated that vitamin A and beta-carotene nutrient oil supplements can crosslink into solids when exposed to a sufficiently high concentration of free radicals while vitamin E has no antioxidant inhibitory effects to prevent free-radical crosslinking of unsaturated lipids common to cell membranes [1]
Free radicals have been shown to reduce membrane fluidity [26,31,32,33,34,35] most generally seen with polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) that are decreased as an indication crosslinking occurs [31,32,33,34,35]
Summary
The consequences for blockage of molecular oxygen at the molecular, cell membrane and tissue levels has implications that provide a better understanding of pathology in most every major medical condition known to mankind. Membrane fluidity can increase by reducing the fatty acid chain lengths [36] that can occur during free-radical electrophilic attack with hydrolysis on PUFA C=C bonds [1,38,39] by oxidative cleavage forming aldehydes that can move easier into smaller spaces [1]. In terms of complex chemistries, early Biophysics provided decisive informative models on protein movements studied through vibrating fluctuations of single bond rotational energies [41,42] Such rapid alternating sigma (σ) bond rotations have been extended significantly through new advanced computational chemistry and nitrogen inversions with lipids, sugars and proteins to offer advanced science on free mechanomolecular energy at the unstable but vibrant cell membrane/biologic fluid interface [43]. Other important fundamental chemistry regarding structure and electron transfer simplification relative to cellular physiology can be applied for membrane organization with calcium on the outer extracellular layer that forms a wide diverse range of mineral structure and cements [44,45,46,47,48]
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