Free energy dependence on spatial geometry for (2 + 1)-dimensional QFTs

Abstract

We consider (2 + 1)-QFT at finite temperature on a product of time with a static spatial geometry. The suitably defined difference of thermal vacuum free energy for the QFT on a deformation of flat space from its value on flat space is a UV finite quantity, and for reasonable fall-off conditions on the deformation is IR finite too. For perturbations of flat space we show this free energy difference goes quadratically with perturbation amplitude and may be computed from the linear response of the stress tensor. As an illustration we compute it for a holographic CFT finding that at any temperature, and for any perturbation, the free energy decreases. Similar behaviour was previously found for free scalars and fermions, and for unitary CFTs at zero temperature, suggesting (2 + 1)-QFT may generally energetically favour a crumpled spatial geometry. We also treat the deformation in a hydrostatic small curvature expansion relative to the thermal scale. Then the free energy variation is determined by a curvature correction to the stress tensor and for these theories is negative for small curvature deformations of flat space.