Abstract
The FEL integral equation is reviewed here and is studied under different contexts, accounting for diverse physical regimes. We include higher order harmonics and saturation effects, and explain the origin of scaling relations, widely exploited to describe either FEL dynamics or nonnlinear harmonic generation.
Highlights
This article describes an important mechanism associated with the physics of the free electron laser (FEL) regarding the nonlinear harmonic generation
According to the previous equation, the field grows initially because of being triggered by the bunching coefficient. It provides a kind of coherent spontaneous emission, which in the second phase is responsible for the onset of the exponential growth regime, where we have reported the combined effects of bunching and initial seed
For negligible b2, Equation (8) reduces to a naïve third-order ordinary differential equation, leading to the exponential growth referred as FEL instability, the characteristic of which occurs in any Free Electron device [19,20,21,22,23,24,25]. (This type of instability is common to any free electron device (including gyrotrons and cyclotron auto-resonance masers (CARM))
Summary
The paradigmatic steps leading the FEL to the generation of coherent laser-like radiation are the beam energy modulation, the bunching, the exponential growth and the saturation These phases are common to all other free electron devices (such as gyrotrons and coherent auto-resonance masers), and most of the relevant theoretical and mathematical descriptions can be framed within the same context [2]. The second-order bunching coefficient does not produce any appreciable contribution and can be safely neglected), Equation (8) reduces to a naïve third-order ordinary differential equation, leading to the exponential growth referred as FEL instability, the characteristic of which occurs in any Free Electron device [19,20,21,22,23,24,25].
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
