Abstract
Melanoma is a deadly form of malignancy and according to the World Health Organization 132,000 new cases of melanoma are diagnosed worldwide each year. Surgical resection and chemo/drug treatments opted for early and late stage of melanoma respectively, however detrimental post surgical and chemotherapy consequences are inevitable. Noticeably melanoma drug treatments are associated with liver injuries such as hepatitis and cholestasis which are very common. Alleviation of these clinical manifestations with better treatment options would enhance prognosis status and patients survival. Natural products which induce cytotoxicity with minimum side effects are of interest to achieve high therapeutic efficiency. In this study we investigated anti-melanoma and hepatoprotective activities of frankincense essential oil (FEO) in both in vitro and in vivo models. Pretreatment with FEO induce a significant (p < 0.05) dose-dependent reduction in the cell viability of mouse (B16-F10) and human melanoma (FM94) but not in the normal human epithelial melanocytes (HNEM). Immunoblot analysis showed that FEO induces down regulation of Bcl-2 and up regulation of BAX in B16-F10 cells whereas in FM94 cells FEO induced dose-dependent cleavage of caspase 3, caspase 9 and PARP. Furthermore, FEO (10 μg/ml) treatment down regulated MCL1 in a time-dependent manner in FM94 cells. In vivo toxicity analysis reveals that weekly single dose of FEO (1200 mg/kg body weight) did not elicit detrimental effect on body weight during four weeks of experimental period. Histology of tissue sections also indicated that there were no observable histopathologic differences in the brain, heart, liver, and kidney compare to control groups. FEO (300 and 600 mg/kg body weight) treatments significantly reduced the tumor burden in C57BL/6 mice melanoma model. Acetaminophen (750 mg/kg body weight) was used to induce hepatic injury in Swiss albino mice. Pre treatment with FEO (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight) for seven days retained hematology (complete blood count), biochemical parameters (AST, ALT, ALK, total bilirubin, total protein, glucose, albumin/globulin ratio, cholesterol and triglyceride), and the level of phase I and II drug metabolizing enzymes (cytochrome P450, cytochromeb5, glutathione-S-transferase) which were obstructed by the administration of acetaminophen. Further liver histology showed that FEO treatments reversed the damages (central vein dilation, hemorrhage, and nuclei condensation) caused by acetaminophen. In conclusion, FEO elicited marked anti-melanoma in both in vitro and in vivo with a significant heptoprotection.
Highlights
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive forms of skin cancer with a high frequency of metastasis and a poor prognosis in the metastatic stage [1]
Tanaka et al reported that administration of both ipilimumab and nivolumab to 59 year old stage IV melanoma patients elicits severe hepatitis and elevation of liver injury associated serum biomarkers [13, 14]
B16-F10 and FM94 cells were treated with frankincense essential oil (FEO) at 3, 5, 7 and 10 μg/ml for 24 h
Summary
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive forms of skin cancer with a high frequency of metastasis and a poor prognosis in the metastatic stage [1]. Conventional chemotherapy dosing schedule is used to balance the toxicity and efficacy, but the severe side effects in particular hepatotoxicity limits the administration of most anticancer agents [9]. Melanoma treatment is associated with liver injury. Tanaka et al reported that administration of both ipilimumab and nivolumab to 59 year old stage IV melanoma patients elicits severe hepatitis and elevation of liver injury associated serum biomarkers [13, 14]. This evidence alarms the urgent need of a safer alternative therapeutic regimen for melanoma
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