Abstract
Fran9ois-Vincent Raspail (1794-1878) achieved a unique position among nineteenth-century French republicans because he subjected a distinguished career as scientist and medical practitioner to the demands of his democratic faith. He chose to live in conscientious opposition to the government; in the monarchical regimes of the last century such a decision drastically reduced the professional opportunities open to a Frenchman. He could not venture upon a. career in education, politics, or journalism, since only carefully screened candidates secured state appointments, and censorship restricted the free expression of thought. Even in the sciences success hinged at every turn on competitions, and on prizes, equipment, space, and other favors administered by the state. Either political ideals or profession had to be sacrificed.
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