Abstract

During waves of protest, actors assess present situations, often relying on past experiences, but also on new ideas. Looking at the German Democratic Republic (GDR), Czechoslovakia, Tunisia and Egypt, this chapter examines framing processes - the way in which actors make sense of their environment. During the eventful processes of democratization memories of past situations played a role in the appreciation of the external reality, while mobilization changed the frame of everyday reality. In general, the corruption of the political class emerges as a diagnostic frame that denounces the growing degeneration of a situation, pointing at the same time at the lived experience of a large part of the population, which gives this frame empirical credibility. Common to processes of democratization from below is also a broad and inclusive definition of the 'us'. Conceptions of democracy as participatory and deliberative processes are also particularly relevant for the framing processes.

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