Framing analysis of the print media coverage of the 2020 Taal volcano eruption

Abstract

The media became a primary source of information for the public during the 2020 Taal Volcano Eruption in the Philippines. However, before this study, the quality of media communication about Taal remained unknown. Understanding the content and manner of media coverage during the eruption is important in understanding and enhancing volcanic risk communication. Hence, this study analysed 384 stories about the 2020 Taal Volcano Eruption using the Framing Theory and Social Amplification of Risk Framework as analytical lenses. Specifically, it aimed to identify the salient frames used by the news media and describe the potential implications of framing to risk amplification or attenuation. It was determined that the frames used by the media largely functioned as a problem identifier, with a particular focus on human interest and governance. Potentials for risk amplification were also noted in the use of dramatization and projection of future risks. However, amplification was balanced by attenuating signals such as the downplaying of economic impacts and clarifications on governance conflict. On the other hand, due to the limited use of cause diagnosis frames, the volcanic risk was not well-discussed. Numerical uncertainty statements were also missing in the coverage but some stories used verbal, albeit vague, uncertainty statements. Furthermore, moral evaluation and solution recommendations were noted, although media coverage was dominated by disaster response actions. In conclusion, while the media was able to provide useful information during the eruptive phase of Taal Volcano in 2020, it fell short of conveying comprehensive risk information towards better-informed decision-making and responses.