Abstract
The power consumption of buildings over the course of each minute, hour, day and season plays a major role in how this load influences the Electric Power System voltage and frequency, and vice versa. This consumption is based on the building’s load component types, efficiencies, and how they consume power and react to changes in real time. Due to this complexity, standard full-building load models are typically voltage-invariant. This paper proposes a novel framework to transform these voltage-invariant building load models into fully time- and voltage-dependent load profiles using available data on the voltage sensitivity of individual load components. While a voltage-dependent building model could theoretically be generated from static load models of every component in a building, this approach faces two challenges: first, load models representing all load components are impractical to develop for all possible load component types; second, building energy consumption is never measured or modeled at the individual component level. The proposed framework compiles available component data in the form of static ZIP load model parameters, and maps them into the end use categories utilized by standard building modeling programs. The voltage sensitivity of each end use category is then bounded by the extrema of the component models within it. This framework is applied to a load profile case study representing the aggregate U.S. residential building stock. In addition to the minimum/ maximum conditions, a load profile based on typical load composition and weighted ZIP parameters is generated for the same building stock. The results show that for a 10% drop in voltage, using the least sensitive ZIP parameters, active power is expected to be 3% to 14% lower than nominal, depending on the season and time of day. Using the most sensitive ZIP parameters, the active power is expected to be 9% to 20% lower than nominal, also depending on the season and time of day.
Highlights
The built environment is undergoing a major change in how it uses, manages and interacts with energy. This is due to technology advances, energy efficiency efforts, demand response, Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), GridInteractive Efficient Buildings (GEB) [1], Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) is providing detailed load profile data
This paper focuses on ZIP load models for the U.S load components and their associated ZIP parameters, but the approach is valid for other systems
The results show that conservation voltage reduction (CVR) resulted in increased losses with the constant PQ load model when compared with the Z load model
Summary
The built environment is undergoing a major change in how it uses, manages and interacts with energy. As the system voltage and frequency vary, the loads’ active and reactive power varies This variation depends on the type of each load component and its consumption relative to the overall building load profile. In [7], the authors present an Object-oriented Controllable, Highresolution Residential Energy (OCHRE) model that simulates residential energy systems down to the 1-minute resolution They use published ZIP model parameters, presented in later sections of this paper including [8], [9] and [10] to model the voltage-power relationship for the load components. With an assigned power factor, a constant reactive power is determined This model is referred to as the constant PQ model in the literature and is represented by P = P0 ; where P0 is the nominal/rated or initial active power consumption of the load at the nominal/rated system voltage (V0), and P is the actual power at each given timestep (time-resolution). The parameters exist in a bounded [0, 1] or unbounded fashion, where the latter is more accurate, but the former is intuitive following percentages of each type [17]
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