Abstract
In wireless communications, massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems in which the base station (BS) is equipped with a large number of antennas can provide significant spectral and energy efficiency by means of simple signal processing. Therefore, massive MIMO is an attractive technology for next generation wireless communication systems and for green communications. There are two operation modes: time-division duplex (TDD) and frequency-division duplex (FDD) for massive MIMO systems, and the debate on the two modes is still discussed in the literature. The originator of massive MIMO systems, Marzetta, has presented the basic frame structures for both the TDD and the FDD modes. However, the basic frame structures do not carefully take the hardware impairments such as phase noise (PN) into account. In this paper, by taking the PN as the key hardware impairment into account, we recommend new and efficient frame structures for both the TDD and the FDD modes. The corresponding performance comparison between the two modes is also provided by using the data transmission efficiency (DTE) as the performance measurement. The comparison may help determine which mode should be used for massive MIMO systems.
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