Frailty and Prodromal Parkinson's Disease: Results From the HELIAD Study.

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To investigate the association between frailty, Parkinson's disease (PD), and the probability of prodromal Parkinson's disease (prodromal PD) in Greek community-dwelling older individuals. Parkinson's disease diagnosis was reached through standard clinical research procedures. Probability of prodromal PD was calculated according to the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society's research criteria for PD-free participants. Frailty was evaluated according to definitions of the phenotypic and multidomain approach. Logistic and linear regression models were performed to investigate associations between frailty (predictor) and the probability of prodromal PD, either continuous or dichotomous (≥30% probability score), or PD (outcome). Data from 1765 participants aged 65 and older were included in the present analysis. Parkinson's disease and prodromal PD prevalence were 1.9% and 3.0%, respectively. Compared to nonfrail participants, those who were frail, as identified with either the Fried frailty phenotype or Frailty Index had approximately 4 (odds ratio [OR] 4.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.54-10.89) and 12 times (OR 12.16, 95% CI 5.46-27.09) higher odds of having a PD diagnosis, respectively. Moreover, compared to the nonfrail, frail participants as identified with either the Fried frailty phenotype or Frailty Index had 2.8 (OR 2.83, 95% CI 1.09-7.37) and 8.3 times (OR 8.39, 95% CI 4.56-15.42) higher odds of having possible/probable prodromal PD, respectively. Frailty status was associated with prodromal PD and PD, suggesting common characteristics or underlying mechanisms of these conditions. Although prospective studies are warranted, acknowledging the possible association of frailty, PD, and prodromal PD may improve their clinical management.