Frailty and preoperative risk assessment before radical cystectomy.

Abstract

The current review covers recent research examining the utility of preoperative frailty assessments to predict worse postoperative outcomes after radical cystectomy. It also discusses how to implement frailty assessments into routine clinical practice. Frailty is associated with worse postoperative outcomes after radical cystectomy, including increased complications and nonhome discharge. Although the majority of these studies have been retrospective using a frailty index, prospective studies using a preoperative frailty assessment have also shown frailty to be associated with worse outcomes. Preoperative frailty assessments based on patients' physiologic fitness, such as the Fried Frailty Criteria or psoas muscle volume, have been the best predictors of worse outcomes on prospective cohorts. However, no study to date has directly compared a prospective frailty assessment and frailty index to determine the most effective tool for routine clinical care. National guidelines are lacking on how to assess frailty preoperatively before radical cystectomy. Frailty has been consistently shown to correlate with worse postoperative outcomes after radical cystectomy. Although the most effective and efficient method for preoperative assessment has yet to be determined, assessments based on physiologic fitness are likely to be most useful. Improved guidelines will likely increase implementation of frailty assessments into routine management.