Fragmented Rockfall Volume Distribution from Photogrammetry-Based Structural Mapping and Discrete Fracture Networks

Renato Macciotta,Chris Gräpel,Roger Skirrow

doi:10.3390/app10196977

Renato Macciotta, Chris Gräpel + Show 1 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/app10196977

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Abstract

The design of rockfall protection structures requires information about the falling block volumes. Computational tools for rockfall trajectory simulation are now capable of modeling block fragmentation, requiring the fragmented volume-relative frequency distribution of rockfalls as input. This can be challenging at locations with scarce or nonexistent rockfall records and where block surveys are not feasible. The work in this paper shows that simple discrete fracture network realizations from structural mapping based on photogrammetric techniques can be used to reliably estimate rock fall block volumes. These estimates can be used for dimensioning rockfall protection structures in cases where data is scarce or not available. The methodology is tested at two sites in the Canadian Cordillera where limestone outcrops have been the source of recurrent rockfalls. The results suggest that fragmentation will largely tend to occur through weak planes and expansion of non-persistent discontinuities, while other block breakage mechanisms exert less influence in the fragmented volume-relative frequency distribution of rockfalls. Therefore, block volume distribution can be estimated using a simple discrete fracture network (DFN) with fully persistent discontinuities. Limitations of the methods are also discussed, as well as potential future research to address such limitations.

Highlights

Rockfalls have long been recognized as ubiquitous hazards in mountainous regions [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
Information on rockfall volumes and fragmentation can be gathered from comprehensive records or estimated through surveying fallen blocks along known rockfall trajectories [6,11,13,16,20,23]
These methods present challenges where rockfall records are scarce and block surveys are not possible due to the steepness of the terrain or falling blocks entering waterbodies downslope from the rock fall sources. Recognizing this challenge, a number of researchers have performed fragmentation field testing [25,26], evaluation of impact energy thresholds for fragmentation [27], and numerical simulation of fragmentation [28,29]. These have provided valuable insights that allowed the development of rockfall trajectory simulations capable of modeling block fragmentation based on the power-law volume distribution typically observed in rockfall deposits [9,30,31,32]

Summary

Introduction

Rockfalls have long been recognized as ubiquitous hazards in mountainous regions [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. These methods present challenges where rockfall records are scarce and block surveys are not possible due to the steepness of the terrain or falling blocks entering waterbodies downslope from the rock fall sources Recognizing this challenge, a number of researchers have performed fragmentation field testing [25,26], evaluation of impact energy thresholds for fragmentation [27], and numerical simulation of fragmentation [28,29]. These have provided valuable insights that allowed the development of rockfall trajectory simulations capable of modeling block fragmentation based on the power-law volume distribution typically observed in rockfall deposits [9,30,31,32]. These models still require validation of the parameters of the power-law distributions of block volumes used for fragmentation

Methods

Results

Conclusion