Fragment size and the disassembling of local bird communities in the Atlantic Forest: A taxonomic and functional approach

Abstract

Habitat loss is the primary driver of the decline of biodiversity in ecological communities. However, which ecological processes are implicated in the removal of species following habitat loss, i.e. the disassembling of the community, remains unclear in many ecosystems. We address this question by investigating how the taxonomic and functional diversity of bird assemblages are related to fragment size in the Atlantic Forest from northeastern Brazil. We used complementary metrics of diversity and a randomization procedure to test whether changes in diversity result from either random or deterministic processes, such as limiting similarity or habitat filtering. The species–area (SAR) and functional richness–area (FAR) relationships were positive, as expected. However, the FAR had a lower slope than the SAR, which indicates a slower loss of functional richness than that predicted by the loss of species richness. Communities in smaller fragments contain more functionally overdispersed species and a more even distribution of abundance. These results indicate that limiting similarity drives the disassembling of bird assemblages in small fragments of the Atlantic Forest, which presumably reflects increased competition. This dynamic tends to reduce functional redundancy in the impoverished assemblages, with potentially deleterious consequences for ecosystem functioning and forest conservation.