Abstract
The biological tissue is affected by external and internal deformation forces: tractive/tensile forces, shearing and compressive forces. The bone is deformed under the effect of a force. If the load exceeds the bone solidity limitation, fracture occurs. A mature bone consists of compact and spongy bone tissue. The basic structural unit of the cortical bone tissue are osteons and spongiosa consists of a network of bone trabeculae. The organic and mineral parts of the bone are responsible for the special bone characteristics. The effect of a physical activity on the mechanical characteristics of the bone is associated with the intensity of the load. Fractures are more common in elderly people as the bone structure is altered on account of osteoporosis and contains less bone tissue. Biomechanical characteristics with anatomic and histological bone structure as well as osteoporotic hip fractures are described in the paper.
Highlights
Biological tissues are daily subjected to different deformation forces
The basis of studying the mechanical characteristics of live material is the concept of mechanical load: tractive/tensile forces, shearing forces and compressive forces
Fractures in older patients where bones changed due to osteoporosis, are of low-energy, as there is less bone tissue absorbing the energy of loads and resisting it [8] [11] [13]
Summary
Biological tissues are daily subjected to different deformation forces. These forces can be internal, as in muscular contraction, or external, when forces affect the body [1]. The basis of studying the mechanical characteristics of live material is the concept of mechanical load: tractive/tensile forces, shearing forces and compressive forces. The object can be subjected only to tractive/tensile forces, which cause changes to its length, or shearing forces, which bend the object. If the extent of deformation is not too large, the bone can resume its initial position. In such case, the bone acts as an elastic body. If the force does exceed the critical point, plastic deformation occurs when the bone breaks. When the load exceeds the critical point of bone strength, the material gives in and leads to bone fracture [2] [4]
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