Abstract
Fracture in rocks is influenced by anisotropy and existence of faults. Fracture initiation and propagation is often under the combined presence of sliding and opening of preexisting cracks. Linear-elastic fracture-mechanics (LEFM) has been used as a model for describing the propagation of a main crack in materials such as rocks, concrete, ceramics, etc. However, the presence of the fracture process zone which includes interlocking of grains and ligament connections results in deviations from perfectly brittle behavior. These effects are more pronounced in mixed-mode fracture, which involves crack initiation under the combined presence of tension-shear or compression-shear stresses.
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