Abstract
Rice beverages are traditionally prepared and consumed popularly by the different ethnic groups of North East India and claimed to have several health benefits. In an attempt to validate the traditional claims, effects of different fractions of the beverage were studied using mouse model. To investigate its effects on behavior, mice were treated with different fractions of rice beverage that included the beverage as a whole, insoluble and soluble fractions. Intragastric treatments of these fractions were given to the mice (n = 6 per group) for 30 days, and behavioral studies were performed on elevated plus and Y maze to evaluate anxiety and spatial memory, respectively. Next-generation sequencing of metagenomic DNA of the beverage indicated the presence of 157 OTUs, and 26 bacterial genera were dominant with an abundance of 0.1%. The insoluble fraction and the whole beverage treatments reduced the anxiety-like symptoms in animals indicating the probable role of microbes. Spatial memory improved in all the treatments compared to the control, of which the rice beverage treatment showed the highest levels (p < 0.05). Gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy-based metabolite profiling of the beverage revealed 10 alcohols, 29 sachharides, 43 acids, and 13 amino acids. Findings of this study suggest a positive effect of rice beverage on anxiety and spatial memory of mice, justifying the claims by ethnic communities on its role on mood regulation.
Highlights
North East India consists of eight states, namely Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura (Fig. 1) and physiographically categorized into the Eastern Himalayas, Northeast Hills (Patkai-Naga Hills and Lushai Hills), and the Brahmaputra and Barak Valleys
The mass was sieved with a muslin fabric to obtain rice beverage (RB) which was further centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 5 min to separate the supernatant containing the soluble fraction (SF), and the pellet was resuspended in sterile water up to the initial volume, denoted as insoluble fraction (IF)
Out of 13 amino acids detected by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (Table 2), methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, and valine fell into the category of essential amino acids
Summary
North East India consists of eight states, namely Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura (Fig. 1) and physiographically categorized into the Eastern Himalayas, Northeast Hills (Patkai-Naga Hills and Lushai Hills), and the Brahmaputra and Barak Valleys. The presence of amino acids in abundance is an indication of lowmolecular-weight peptides in the beverage which could attribute to its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties [6, 7]. They contribute to the organoleptic properties of the beverage pertaining to taste, aroma, etc. A growing body of evidence indicates the roles of fermented foods in the brain and cognitive health promotion [13, 14] These effects arise due to the synergistic effect of the microbes, their metabolites, and the nutrients in these foods [15]. Another study revealed the effect of red wine in improving the spatial memory and fear memory in mice [17]
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