Abstract
Mathematical models using differential equations with integer order have proved valuable in understanding the dynamics of biological systems. However, most biological, physical, and engineering systems have long-range temporal memory [1, 2, 3, 4] and/or long-range space interactions [5, 6, 7]. Modeling such systems using fractional-order differential equations is more advantageous than classical integer-order mathematical modeling, in which the effects of the existence of time memory or long-range space interactions are neglected.
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