Abstract
Surface and subsurface oil shale (OS) rocks in Jordan have potential economic value for the country and still unutilized. This research paper focuses on central and southern OS deposits in Jordan. Brief characterization of four OS deposits is presented. Size distribution test and elemental analysis were performed. Shale oil was extracted via three solvation methods: Soxhlet extraction, extraction via mixing and stirring, and lastly super-critical fluid extraction. Major shale oil fractions were obtained from extract fractionation on chromatographic column. The nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique was used to study qualitatively the fractional composition of OS extract. Results show that all studied OS deposits have quite similar trend in their particle size distribution and their elemental composition. These OS deposits are found to be varying in their solvation behavior, fractional yield, and shale oil composition. Highest yield is obtained from polar solvents. The OS extraction via solvation processes is promising under certain extraction conditions such as super-critical conditions. The solvation variability of Jordanian OS indicates that different extraction techniques suit different OS deposits. Such variability should be considered in any future extraction options.
Highlights
The Jordanian oil shale properties vary from one deposit to another indicating that different extraction techniques suit different OS deposits [3] [4]
A study by Alnawafleh and Fraige [18] shows that solvent extraction is preferable to be conducted under super-critical conditions, and the solvent extraction technique when applied on Jordanian oil shale could be potential under certain extraction parameters
Shale oil compositional variability results obtained from this study supported by the physical and chemical OS variability reported in literature, e.g. Alnawafleh et al [4], indicate that different extraction techniques suit different OS deposits, and such variability should be considered in any future utilization of OS resources in Jordan
Summary
Jordan has few conventional resources of oil and natural gas, and its energy is largely. Jordan could save much of its imported energy by utilizing its oil shale reserves. The future of OS in Jordan is still uncertain and most of the studies conducted so far on Jordanian oil shale have focused on El-Lajjun OS deposit. There are wide utilization options for OS resources Among these options are pyrolysis, combustion, and extraction techniques. Different controlling parameters are found to influence the shale oil extractability. Among these factors are particle size, temperature, solventfeed ratio and the mixing intensity [20]. A study by Alnawafleh and Fraige [18] shows that solvent extraction is preferable to be conducted under super-critical conditions, and the solvent extraction technique when applied on Jordanian oil shale could be potential under certain extraction parameters.
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