Abstract
In this paper, an optimisation method utilising the yellow saddle goatfish algorithm (YSGA) with a new fitness function is proposed to design two types of fractional-variable-order PID (FVOPID) digital controllers for the automatic voltage regulator (AVR) system. Simulations and comparisons of the results are presented, showing that variable-order control can perform better than the existing solutions for the AVR system. Additionally, we include a stability analysis of a closed-loop system by utilisation of the Nyquist stability criterion.
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