Abstract

Establishing robust, accurate, and low-complexity battery models is crucial for Smart Grid applications to effectively utilize and manage lithium-ion batteries and estimate battery states. This paper analyzes lithium-ion battery electrochemical impedance spectrograms and integrates impedance elements with fractional-order characteristics into Thevenin circuit models based on fractional calculus theory. These models can be embedded in microprocessors for accurate real-time results. A time domain identification procedure minimizes Integral Absolute Error, yielding simple, high-accuracy fractional order modeling of Energy Storage Systems in Real Smart Grids, with a very acceptable average Nrmse index of fit.

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