Abstract
The fundamentals and state of the art in fractional- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</i> phase-locked-loop (PLL)-based frequency synthesis are reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on delta-sigma fractional- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</i> PLLs and quantization noise and fractional spur suppression techniques for wide-bandwidth applications.
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