Fractional Klein–Gordon equation composed of Jumarie fractional derivative and its interpretation by a smoothness parameter

Abstract

Klein–Gordon equation is one of the basic steps towards relativistic quantum mechanics. In this paper, we have formulated fractional Klein–Gordon equation via Jumarie fractional derivative and found two types of solutions. Zero-mass solution satisfies photon criteria and non-zero mass satisfies general theory of relativity. Further, we have developed rest mass condition which leads us to the concept of hidden wave. Classical Klein–Gordon equation fails to explain a chargeless system as well as a single-particle system. Using the fractional Klein–Gordon equation, we can overcome the problem. The fractional Klein–Gordon equation also leads to the smoothness parameter which is the measurement of the bumpiness of space. Here, by using this smoothness parameter, we have defined and interpreted the various cases.