Abstract
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) can be defined as a spectrum of diseases associated with a sudden onset of a renal failure status, the feline patient has azotemia, the disorder in fractional electrolyte excretion (FE), and shedding of epithelial cells from renal tubular segments observed in the urinary sediment. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the FE, plasma and urinary osmolality, and urinary specific gravity (USG) in cats that spontaneously developed AKI due to urethral obstruction (UO) and healthy cats. Blood and urine samples were collected from a group of 20 cats diagnosed with AKI secondary to urethral obstruction (GAKI; n=20) and clinically healthy cats (GC; n=15). The serum creatinine (sCre) and urinary creatinine (uCre), were measured by spectrophotometry, serum and urinary analyzes of sodium, potassium and chloride by ion selective electrode device and serum and urinary osmolarity by osmometer. The GAKI results were statistically compared with those of the CG using Student's t tests to assess normal data, while the Maan-Whitney test was used for non-normal data. A significant increase in the sCr, sK, FENa, FECl and RFI parameters of the GAKI cats when compared to the GC (p < 0.05). The sCl, USG, uCr, uK and uOSM parameters decreased significantly when compared between the two groups. Thus, given the established methodology and the results found, it is possible to infer that an increase in EFNa, EFCl in addition to the RFI and a decrease in USG and uOSM were associated with cats with AKI and can serve as markers of kidney damage, as well as monitoring the prognosis.
Highlights
Functional assessment of the urinary tract is becoming increasingly common in the clinical routine in veterinary medicine due to the ease of sample collection and some advantages over serum tests (Waldrop, 2008)
All cats included in the GAKI group had Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) etiology, feline idiopathic cystitis as a cause of obstructive nephropathy, according to clinical, hematological, biochemical, urinary and ultrasonographic parameters
The amount of creatinine reabsorbed is inversely proportional to the urine flow rate: there is a reduction in urinary creatinine (uCre) excretion in cats with urethral obstruction (UO), corroborating our results (Sink & Weinstein 2012, Reece 2015)
Summary
Functional assessment of the urinary tract is becoming increasingly common in the clinical routine in veterinary medicine due to the ease of sample collection and some advantages over serum tests (Waldrop, 2008). These exams include serum and urinary osmolality, direct and indirect glomerular filtration rate markers, fractional electrolyte excretion, tissue integrity and renal structural damage markers (DiBartola, 2006). Biochemical analysis of urine is vitally important to determine if kidneys are functioning properly in order to respond appropriately to insults and injuries (DiBartola, 2006; Waldrop, 2008). As plasma passes through the glomerulus, macromolecules (eg, proteins) and cellular elements are selectively retained based on their charge and size (DiBartola, 2006; Waldrop, 2008; Reddi, 2014)
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