Abstract
We can prevent climate change by reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by fossil fuel usage through introducing alternative fuels such as bio-oil. The fast pyrolysis process used for wood materials has recently gained substantial attention as an approach to produce bio-oil worldwide and in Korea as well. Bio-oil from fast pyrolysis contains highly oxygenated compounds and phenolics, thereby requiring upgrading processes, such as deoxygenation and condensation, for high-end use. To determine an efficient upgrading method for fast pyrolysis bio-oil (FPBO), one needs to elucidate its composition and classify it into chemical groups. We analyzed the composition of fractionized FPBO toward high-end use. FPBO was separated into two layers by adding distilled water: (a) the water-soluble phase, and (b) the oil phase, whereas liquid-liquid extraction and multi-step separation were applied for fractionization, respectively. The fractions were obtained, and their chemical groups were analyzed by gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOF/MS). The water phase was separated into two fractions and classified into the main chemical groups of phenolics (9%) and heterocyclics (31%). The oil phase, which was separated into four fractions, was classified into the main chemical groups of phenolics (32%) and heterocyclics (23%). Our findings can help to upgrade products for high-end use.
Highlights
Many countries around the world are currently actively implementing long-term plans, including carbon neutrality policies, until 2050 to fight climate change caused by greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions [1]
We analyzed the sample before fractionizing the bio-oil by using EN 16900 [23]
We used the fast pyrolysis bio-oil (FPBO) produced from sawdust
Summary
Many countries around the world are currently actively implementing long-term plans, including carbon neutrality policies, until 2050 to fight climate change caused by greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions [1]. Biofuels are characterized by lower GHG emissions and cause less air pollution, such as NOx, than fossil fuels. Given the threat of global climate change, biofuels are currently emerging as an alternative energy source [2]. The main raw materials, such as corn, wood, and algae, can all absorb carbon during biofuel production. Biofuels are suitable as a solution toward carbon neutrality. The International Maritime Organization regulations enforce the reductions of pollutant emissions from seas by 50% by 2050. Ammonia, natural gas ships, and biofuels that can be used for scrubbers are being considered as advantageous environmental solutions [5].
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