Abstract
Current simulation methods for light transport in biological media have limited efficiency and realism when applied to three-dimensional microscopic light transport in biological tissues with refractive heterogeneities. We describe here a technique which combines a beam propagation method valid for modeling light transport in media with weak variations in refractive index, with a fractal model of refractive index turbulence. In contrast to standard simulation methods, this fractal propagation method (FPM) is able to accurately and efficiently simulate the diffraction effects of focused beams, as well as the microscopic heterogeneities present in tissue that result in scattering, refractive beam steering, and the aberration of beam foci. We validate the technique and the relationship between the FPM model parameters and conventional optical parameters used to describe tissues, and also demonstrate the method's flexibility and robustness by examining the steering and distortion of Gaussian and Bessel beams in tissue with comparison to experimental data. We show that the FPM has utility for the accurate investigation and optimization of optical microscopy methods such as light-sheet, confocal, and nonlinear microscopy.
Highlights
Within the field of biophotonics, numerous models have been developed to describe radiative transport in scattering tissues at macroscopic, mesoscopic, and microscopic length scales
We have developed a novel simulation technique, the fractal propagation method (FPM), which overcomes the limitations of prior simulation methods by combining a beam propagation methods (BPM) along with a fractal model of refractive index turbulence
The simulations in this study were limited to Gaussian and Bessel beams, the flexibility of the FPM makes it possible to model virtually any of the focused beams that have been utilized for a range of optical microscopy applications [15, 16, 54, 55]
Summary
Within the field of biophotonics, numerous models have been developed to describe radiative transport in scattering tissues at macroscopic, mesoscopic, and microscopic length scales. The diffusion approximation is valid only at macroscopic length scales, the MC method is not able to accurately model diffraction and aberrations from microscopic heterogeneities, the FDTD and PSTD methods are too computationally expensive to model 3D light propagation in an efficient manner, and prior BPM methods have been restricted to modeling light propagation through spherical inhomogeneities which are not representative of complex biological tissues To address this need, we have developed a novel simulation technique, the fractal propagation method (FPM), which overcomes the limitations of prior simulation methods by combining a BPM along with a fractal model of refractive index turbulence
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