Fractal Dimension of DSSS Frame Preamble: Radiometric Feature for Wireless Device Identification

Abstract

This paper demonstrates that the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">fractal dimension of frame preamble</i> serves as a new radiometric feature that can be used together with other known radiometric features to enhance the identification accuracy in wireless device identification. We first propose a fractal dimension estimation scheme for direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) frame preamble, then provide theoretical analysis to reveal how the fractal dimension is primarily determined by the device hardware imperfections, and thus prove that the fractal dimension serves as an intrinsic radiometric feature. We further show simulation results to verify our theoretical modeling of the fractal dimension and also numerically evaluate the effects of device hardware imperfections and wireless channels on the fractal dimension. Finally, by jointly applying the fractal dimension and the five features reported in the literature, we conduct extensive experiments to demonstrate that the fractal dimension can lead to a further improvement of the state-of-the-art result in the radiometric feature-based device identification.