Abstract
Surface roughness isinfluenced by type and intensity of soil tillage among other factors, and it changes considerably with rain. In microrelief studies the advantages of using indices such as the fractal dimension, D, and the crossover length, l, is that they allow the partition of the roughness characteristics into properties that depend purely on the scale and on a scale free component, respectively. On the other hand, some geostatistical parameters may provide different ways to understand soil surface variability not addressed with fractal parameters. Changes in fractal dimension and semivariogram parameters for surface roughness evolution were evaluated as a function of cumulative rainfall on Oxisol samples over six tillage treatments, namely, disc harrow, disc plow, chisel plow, disc harrow+disc level, disc plow+disc level and chisel plow+disc level. Measurements were taken in each tillage treatment after rainfall events yielding a total of 48 experimental surfaces measured with a pin microrelief meter. The plot had 135 cm by 135 cm and the sample spacing was 25 mm. Trends due to plot slope component with its concavities and convexities and to agricultural practices were removed from field data sets. A semivariogram model was fitted to each of the surfaces and the model parameters were analyzed and related to the fractal dimension, D, and crossover length, l. A relationship was found between the fractal dimension, D, and semivariogram model parameters. The cross over length, l,did not show as strong relationships with the semivariogram model parameters, even though there was a power relation between D and l.
Highlights
There are many ways in which the soil surface roughness may be changed with natural or imposed causes
The smallest values for D were found for the tillage treatment chisel plow (CP) (Figure 1a and 1b) with the values ranging around 2.5
The lowest values occur for chisel plow (CP) treatment (Figure 1a)
Summary
There are many ways in which the soil surface roughness may be changed with natural or imposed causes. Soil tillage may modify surface roughness by breaking large clods into smaller ones and by introducing mounds, rips and furrows. The amount of rainfall that reaches an uncovered soil surface may be an important factor that can cause changes in its roughness. The roughness left by tillage will smooth out as. Soil microrelief has been defined as a set of topographical characteristics of an area of interest at a millimetric or centimetric scale (Allmaras et al, 1966; Currence & Lovely, 1970; Huang, 1998), consisting of distances from the soil surface to an arbitrary plane, which can be measured with a laser scanner or with a pin meter, respectively (Allmaras et al, 1966; Linden and Doren, 1986; Huang and Bradford, 1992)
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